INSECT ENEMIES OF EASTERN FORESTS 229 
It is the larval or immature forms that the forester encounters in 
this group. The adults are rarely seen in association with the damage 
and are consequently of much less interest. Emphasis is therefore 
placed on the larval and work-characteristics of the species, rather than 
on the adult characters. 
The long-horned beetles have, as their name indicates, long antennae, 
longer than the head and thorax, in fact, often longer than the entire 
body. The beetles are usually elongate, more or less cylindrical, 
though occasionally quite flattened. Their size varies greatly, ranging 
from less than 14 inch to over 3 inches in length. Many of them are 
very beautifully marked, while others, particularly the night feeders, 
are somberly colored. They are active fliers or runners, shy, often 
feigning death when disturbed. Many forms, when picked up, make 
a squeaking or rasping noise by rubbing the thorax over the scutellum. 
These borers were the subject of two papers by Craighead (107, 110) 
and one by Webb (427). 
Feeding and Work Habits 
Most of the adults are short-lived, nocturnal, and shy, and are rarely 
seen by the forester. On the other hand, some brightly colored forms, 
such as the lepturids and the locust borer, are pollen feeders and on 
bright days congregate in large numbers on the flowers of favored 
plants. Most forms do not feed in the adult stage, but others eat the 
bark of twigs (fonochamus), leaves (Saperda), or the sporophores 
of fungi (Leptostylus). 
The eggs are laid in a few simple ways. Usually they are placed 
firmly under crevices of the bark, where they are well concealed. Cer- 
tain forms having strong ovipositors insert the eggs deep into soft 
bark or wood or, as Prionus, into the earth at the base of trees. Some 
forms (Acanthocinus) take advantage of the entrance burrows or 
emergence holes of scolytids. Others, feeding in dry wood, place the 
egos in season checks (Hylotrupes bajulus (1.)) or, rarely, lay them 
conspicuously on the surface (CAzon cinctus (Drury)). Some (many 
lamiids) that feed on herbaceous plants, lay the eggs in the axils of 
the leaf petioles or gnaw conspicuous egg pits into which the egg is 
inserted under the bark. Oncideres and Oberea girdle the twigs for 
the purpose of ovipositing, then oviposit through the bark, the former 
on the severed portion, the latter on the intact part. 
Cerambycid larvae can be found in a great variety of wood condi- 
tions, from living trees to thoroughly decayed logs or dry seasoned 
wood. Within each species the limits are very exacting for normal 
development. Each stage of a gradually disintegrating tree will have 
its particular species, some in the living parts, others in the recently 
dead material, and after the wood is seasoned for several years other 
forms attack it. Pine rafters of old buildings seasoned for years are 
suitable for Hylotrupes bajulus, whereas species of Goes and Ham- 
moderus breed only in living trees, and the larvae die if the tree is cut 
before they are mature. 
The larvae feed in a great variety of places, some, as H’ncyclops and 
Microclytus, spending their entire larval period in the dry, scaly bark 
of trees, whereas other feeders in dead bark, as Acanthocinus, go 
deeper into the phloem. Most forms feed beneath the bark, either 
