932 MISC. PUBLICATION 657, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 
KEY TO THE TWIG GIRDLERS—Continued 
6. Pronotum of larva shining; head wider than long 
Aneflomorpha subpubescens, p. 246 
Pronotum of larva roughened with small points; head longer 
than: "wide. 28 Wie 25 ee re ee eee Oberea 
(f- Found in twigs of larger trees; pronotum roughened with small 
points; mandible pointed; in poplars____Oberea schaumii, p. 256 
Found in shrubby plants; larvae boring down into base or roots; 
plant usually severed at surface of ground________________ ___ 8 
8. Pronotum roughened with small points; mandible pointed_Oberea 
Ti sassatras 222 cee 2 Or ss ae Som ee O. ruficollis, p. 256 
}iy SUMACR Ass ee 2 ye a A aes See O. ocellata, p. 255 
In rhododendron and related plants_____~_ O. myops, p. 255 
Pronotum smooth, shining; mandible rounded 
Aneflomorpha subpubescens, p. 246 
KEY TO THE GALL MAKERS 
The gall makers include certain borers that cause galls or swellings 
on the twigs or branches, along the trunk, or at the base of trees and 
shrubs. The larva, or borer, is to be found either in the swelling 
proper or in the larval mine above or below the gall where the pupal 
chamber may be constructed. 
i Galls found on twigs and branches: 
On poplars and willows 
Pronotum having four impressed lines, the inner being 
darker and oblique________-_ Oberea ferruginea, p. 255 
Pronotum having but two impressed lines, these parallel 
Saperda concolor, p. 264 
S. moesta, p. 266 
On-thomapples=:22 5222 eee ee eee Saperda fayi, p. 266 , 
ONn<OaKS "5 setlist oe Sacer Ret series Goes debilis, p. 248 
Zz Galls found on main stem or trunk 
Oniwillow: (25 S30 a2 eee eee Oberea ferruginea, p. 255 
On maple (Acer rubrum)_____...-Xylotrechus aceris, p. 269 
3. Galls found at base of plants 
Onyalders ae Sc 6 oe cess eee Saperda obliqua, p. 267 
On eldets.2°2 55 te a ee ne oe Desmocerus, p. 244 
KEY TO THE BORERS IN THE BARK OF LIVING TREES 
Certain roundheaded borers feed only in the bark proper of living 
trees. Some few enter the inner bark or bast, one (Roma/leum) to 
construct its pupal cell, causing serious defects and stain in the result- 
ing timbers; another (7'y/onotus) in ash, often mines a great deal 
in the bast, causing the death of large branches or entire trees. Some 
of these forms are of economic importance in connection with forest 
diseases. 
i Larvae found only in the corky bark of living trees: 
incelm s362 os Sa ee Physocnemum brevilineum, p. 259 
Incmulberry2- 225 eee Elaphidion incertum, p. 246 
In white oak (Quercus alba); dorsal and ventral surfaces of 
body bearing small tubercles__Encyclops caeruleus, p. 247 
In thick-barked rock oak or chestnut oak (Quercus prinus) 
Romaleum cortiphagus, p. 263 
2. Larvae boring into inner bark and often destroying the cambium: 
In chestnut and oaks; at bases of trees or in crotches of 
branches in moist conditions 
Anoplodera (Leptura) nitens, p. 25. 
In ash trees; often causing dying of branches or entire trees 
Tylonotus bimaculatus, p. 269 
In thick-barked rock oak or white oak; larvae often going 
beneath the bark to make the pupal cell; old scars present 
on bark of trees2== == = a=. Romaleum cortiphagus, p. 263 
