INSECT ENEMIES OF EASTERN FORESTS Doo 
KEY TO THE BORERS UNDER THE BARK OR IN THE WOOD OF LIVING TREES 
Group IV includes those larvae that are borers in living trees 
and are not included in Groups I, Il, and III. In this group are 
included some of the most destructive roundheaded borers. A few 
spend the greater part of the larval period boring beneath the bark, 
destroying the cambium, but most of them riddle the sapwood and 
heartwood, so weakening the tree that the branches or the main stems 
of small trees break off in the wind. 
Me Larvae feeding gregariously ; the mines overlapping and meandering__ 2 
anvalumines essentially individual 2.5 jose ely ea el 3 
2. In heartwood at base of large trees 
Pronotum shining 
Stenodontes and Archodontes (Mallodon), p. 252 
Prono GUIMRASDerale we se. sae se tee Parandra, p. 258 
Beneath bark of firs, hemlocks, and larches_____ Tetropium, p. 268 
In and beneath bark of ash or at base of privet 
Tylonotus bimaculatus, p. 269 
At the base of living poplars________Xylotrechus obliteratus, p. 270 
Beneath bark and in wood of elms______ Saperda tridentata, p. 267 
Beneath bark and in wood of lindens_______ Saperda vestita, p. 268 
3. Feeding beneath the bark and then boring directly up through the 
wood; boring frass exuded through a small hole in bark________ 4 
Feeding in branches or main stems and hollowing a long excava- 
rion Ghroughycenter ofbranch. or trunks. 25.2 S02) Sue di 
4, Inmet hewmaine rumkscor: branches. Gal So Oe oe Sie 5 
JANE. LOE SCSS: COW ES Lig 2 ice peed pe ae AU Ge nee Neneh Sry ea eg ee ee gla ne 6 
5. Head of larvae longer than wide; fibrous frass exuded from open- 
ings of larval mines: 
Im@fiottneespandealderssi.24. 2 Sats ee Ptychodes, p. 262 
In oaks, beeches, elms, and hickories 
Goes and Hammoderus, p. 247 
inppoplars®a sa ee as eee ee Saperda calcarata, p. 264 
[ineCact User a=estces See He es a) oes Coenopoeus, p. 242 
Head broader than long; exuded frass granular: 
ng Gal kgtet ois ae sere hs SS Romaleum rufulum, p. 263 
nBlOCUStSieee fas eos hae a eee Megacyllene robiniae, p. 2438 
ilinemia pleserer saree Sat Glycobius speciosus, p. 260 
6. In small oaks, shadbush, and chestnuts_Hammoderus tesselatus, p. 248 
In apples, shadbush, thorns, etc___-__--_-- Saperda candida, p. 264 
In poplars: 
Rronovum asperates— -. = == ees Saperda calcarata, p. 264 
Pronotum velvety pubescent and brownish 
Plectrodera scalator, p. 260 
as Last segment of larva horny; in mesquite_Aneflus protensus, p. 239 
KEY TO THE ROOT BORERS 
A few cerambycid larvae feed in the roots of living trees, shrubs, 
and herbaceous plants. Prionus and Tetraopes are true root feeders, 
confining themselves to this particular part of the host during the 
entire larval period. Some of the other species here included spend 
only the later stages of the larval development in the roots, having 
previously bored in the stems above ground. Some of these cause 
serious injury to: the plants. 
ils Larvae feeding entirely in the roots or directly at the base of plants - 2 
Larvae feeding in the roots but the stem above always tunneled 
formsomesdistances im shrubss2).2"-22—- 222 - = sen SS ea oa 3 
2. Imeatheroots of milkeweeds_ = 5_-_=~-===-=--=== == Tetraopes, p. 268 
In elder, sometimes causing a swelling at surface of ground, basal 
portion of stem often hollowed_--_---------- Desmocerus, p. 244 
In roots of large hardwood trees or various shrubs_Prionus, p. 261 
In sod or in roots of herbaceous plants__------ Homaesthesis, p. 230 
