INSECT ENEMIES OF EASTERN FORESTS Hays) 
KEY TO THE BORERS BENEATH THE BARK OR IN THE WOOD OF RECENTLY DEAD 
OR FELLED TREES—Continued 
10. Frass tightly packed behind larvae: 
Pronotum of larvae smooth, white; legs very small; found 
in ash, oak, and other trees; larval mines chiefly in wood 
Neoclytus, p. 253 
Pronotum of larvae covered with velvety pubescence 
(yellowish) legless; larval mines chiefly under bark 
Xylotrechus, p. 269 
Frass exuded through a small hole, burrows mostly open; 
One ocellus on each side of head; larvae yellowish and 
rather elongate; chiefly in hickory___-Chion cinctus, p. 238 
Two ocelli on each side of head 
Elaphidion mucronatum, p. 246 
Three ocelli on each side of head: 
Found in hickory__-Megacyllene caryae (Gahan), p 242 
Found in mesquite 
Megacyllene antennatus, p. 242 
1 Pronotum brown, velvety pubescent; small irregular tubercles on 
body segments above and below 
Leptostylus and related genera, p. 251 
Prothorax above armed with chitinous points, as well as the dorsal 
and ventral surfaces of body segments_______________- Saperda 
irae Inn gates Se eres na Pe Toe cp S. tridentata, p. 267 
Imcbasswood jor, linden= 22. 22090. 2 S. vestita, p. 268 
lini ha GO ry eset eee oa yee he a Rls S. discoidea, p. 267 
KEY TO THE BORERS IN OLDER WOOD IN MOIST CONDITION OR IN CONTACT WITH 
THE GROUND 
In class VII are grouped the borers found in wood that has been 
cut a year or more and that is in contact with the ground. They are 
rarely found in recently dead or dying trees. Several forms included 
here are also considered in the preceding group (Asemum, Crio- 
cephalus, Nothorhina), as the larvae may continue to bore for several 
years in stumps or logs lying on the ground. 
Cross ties, mine props, fence posts, utility poles, foundation timbers, 
and fire-killed timber are subject to serious injury. Two genera 
(Parandra and Mallodon) are often found in the bases of living trees 
where heartwood is exposed and cause a great deal of damage to shade 
trees by riddling the bases, so that the trees are easily blown over. 
This is especially true of Parandra. 
This group is composed mostly of large borers working in great 
numbers in the same stick of wood until it is completely riddled. 
Le Pronotum armed with small recurved chitinous points 
Parandra, p. 258 
Pronotum brown, covered with very fine (almost velvety) hairs or 
points; last segment bearing two small spines above 
Asemum; Criocephalus; Nothorhina, p. 237 
Pronotum white, shining, sometimes a little roughened or rugulose__ 2 
2. Dorsal and ventral surfaces of body smooth, having two transverse 
ALQGOLESS1 ON SHA DOVE eee ieee i ae Pete eye ge eee ed 3 
Dorsal and ventral surfaces of body covered with small tubercles 
Leptura, p. 250 
3. Front of head just above mandibles projecting in teeth or tubercles _ 4 
Front of head projecting in transverse dull carina (sometimes di- 
VALLE Clg MesTIN CLC @)) exe ene ok Gor Smee BO ye ee ee 5 
4, Four rounded tubercles; body skin finely wrinkled 
Ergates (western) 
Four flat, sharp-edged teeth; body skin finely wrinkled 
Tragosoma, p. 269 
Two flat, projecting teeth; body skin smooth, shining 
Orthosoma (Derobrachus), p. 258 
