INSECT ENEMIES OF EASTERN FORESTS Dail 
galleries packed with fibrous frass. They continue to oviposit in and 
reinfest the wood until it is completely disintegrated. Very few 
species complete the development in 1 year. Wood in contact with the 
ground, as poles, cross ties, and similarly located material, are attacked 
and often completely destroyed. Certain species feed in the heart- 
wood of living trees when they can gain entrance through some wound, 
and continue the work until the center of the tree is completely honey- 
combed. 
Anoplodera (Leptura) nitens (Forst.), the chestnut-bark borer, 
is an elongate, robust beetle from 10 to 15 mm. in length, of a velvety 
black ground color, marked with golden yellow bands, occurring on 
the margins of the thorax, and four on the elytra, the latter being 
broader at the middle. The larva can be distinguished from species 
of Leptura by its more depressed form and the fine asperities on the 
tubercles of the ampullae. It feeds in moist, thick bark at the base 
and in crotches of living chestnut and oak trees in the Eastern States. 
Shortly before the chestnut is in blossom and throughout the re- 
mainder of that summer the adults can be found on flowers. They 
lay the eggs in crevices of the thick bark at the bases and in crotches 
of branches of living trees. The larvae feed in the bast tissue, some- 
times destroying the cambium and making very extensive mines 
packed with fibrous frass, or some frass may be exuded. ‘Two or 3 
years is required to complete the development. Pupation occurs in 
an oval cell in the bark. After the advent and spread of the chest- 
nut bark disease, this insect became abundant in the cankers of this 
fungus. In such situations they develop more rapidly and propagate 
in enormous numbers. Very rarely does the feeding of this larva 
seriously injure the tree, but occasional instances have been noticed 
where it killed large patches of bark. Its habits of making wounds 
in the living bast, permitting the entrance of the spores of the chestnut 
bark disease, played an important part in the rapid destruction of 
the host. 
A number of roundheaded borers, principally the species of 
Leptostylus Lec., Liopus Serv., Lepturges Bates, and Hyperplatys 
Bates, feed in the adult stage on the spores and pustules of bark fungi. 
They are all small, rather stout or somewhat depressed beetles, usually 
of a dark brown or grayish appearance, more or less marked or spotted 
and having a spine on each side of the thorax. The most common 
one, Astylopsis (Leptostylus) macula (Say), the chestnut blight 
spore feeder, is brownish with a whitish stripe on each side of the 
thorax and a broad irregular white blotch on each wing cover. The 
larvae are usually depressed and legless, having the head longer than 
wide, the pronotum often dark velvety pubescent (Leptosty/us and 
Hyperplatys) or shining, and the ampullae bearing irregular tubercles 
(Leptostylus and Liopus) or two regular rows (Lepturges and Hyper- 
platys). They feed beneath the bark, packing the mines with fibrous 
frass and pupating either in the bark or in the outer sapwood. The 
chestnut blight spore feeder has become adapted to feeding in the 
cankers of the chestnut-bark disease and there develops in great num- 
bers. In infestations of this disease several years old the beetles have 
become so numerous as to feed on and destroy 75 percent or more 
of the pustules. Under such conditions they presumably have a 
marked beneficial effect. 
