INSECT ENEMIES OF EASTERN FORESTS 253 
gnaws a round hole out through the wood and bark the same season. 
In the South the development is completed in less than a year. These 
borers render unfit for use great quantities of storm-felled pines and 
logged material if the logs are allowed to lie in the woods over the 
summer season. Monochamus marmorator attacks standing green 
balsam firs and hastens the death of trees weakened from other causes, 
such as defoliation or root fungi. Control measures suited to these 
borers are given on page 38. Webb (426, 427) discusses these species. 
A moderate-sized, elongate, subcylindrical beetle, from 15 to 18 mm. 
in length is found in the Eastern and Central States and southwest to 
Arizona in ash, mesquite, and, rarely, in white oak. This beetle, Veo- 
clytus caprea (Say), the banded ash borer, has cross bands of yellow- 
ish-white on the front margin of the thorax and four on the 
elytra, the first two meeting, almost forming circles. The tips of 
the elytra are yellowish white, and the thorax has a longitudinal 
ridge on the center. The larva is robust, cylindrical, and rather hairy, 
having the head wider than long, the anterior ventral margin very 
thick, the mandibles rounded at the apex, and one pair of ocelli. The 
pronotum is posteriorly dull white and finely granulate, as also are 
the broad flat ampullae. The legs are very minute. 
Early in the spring when the red maples are blossoming these adults 
fly to ash logs cut during the winter and deposit their eggs in crevices 
of the bark. The young larvae feed for several weeks beneath the 
bark before entering the wood, where they continue to feed until late 
inthe summer. The entire sapwood is honeycombed with mines which 
are tightly packed with granular frass (fig. 55, 4). The borer trans- 
forms to the adult in the fall but does not gnaw an exit hole until the 
following spring. A complication of the hfe history ensues when 
infested logs are sawed and stored. When the wood is dried out the 
larvae feed for several years and emerge at irregular intervals. Seri- 
ous damage results to ash logs left in the woods or stored with the 
bark on. The adults do not oviposit on the seasoned wood; conse- 
quently, most of the infestation occurs before the material is sawed. 
Occasionally some operators find the entire winter cut rendered useless 
for any purpose because of the work of these larvae. The control of 
these borers is discussed on page 38. 
The red-headed ash borer (NVeoclytus acuminatus (F.)) 1s an elon- 
gate, slender, cylindrical beetle from 6 to 18 mm. in length, reddish 
brown marked with yellow cross bands on the elytra. The thorax 
bears four to six small transverse ridges on the median longitudinal 
ridge. The larva resembles V. caprea, from which it can be distin- 
guished by the anterior ventral margin of the head, which is smooth 
and not thickened, as in that species. It feeds in the unseasoned wood 
of numerous hardwood trees, completely honeycombing the sapwood 
and packing the mines tightly with granular frass. Although the 
range is similar to that of WV. caprea, this species attacks nearly all 
hardwoods, but chiefly ash, oak, hickory, persimmon, and hackberry. 
In the extreme South some of these beetles emerge very early in the 
spring (about the middle of February), and they are on the wing 
from then on until the middle of November. About 38 months 1s 
required to complete the development from egg to adult, and much 
overlapping of generations occurs. Another heavy flight of adults 
occurs late in May and in June. In the North but one generation 
