INSECT ENEMIES OF EASTERN FORESTS 345 
species of moths are heavy bodied and cannot fly, even though they 
are equipped with wings, and those of a few species are wingless. 
The adults vary greatly in size. In the eastern part of the United 
States they range from the tiniest of the family Nepticulidae, which 
has a wing expanse of about 1% of an inch, to the largest of the family 
Saturniidae, which has a wing expanse of nearly 6 inches. A number 
of these moths are shown in figure 69. 
Figure 69.—Representative adults of Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths): A, 
Nymphalis antiopa; B, Battus philenor; OC, Feniseca tarquinius; D, Taniva 
albolineana; HE, Halisidota caryae; F, Lambdina pellucidaria; G, Anisota 
stigma; H, Rhyacionia buoliana; I, Philosamia cynthia; J, Aegeria apiformis ; 
K, Hemileuca lucina; L, Polia latex; JI, Sphinx gordius: N, Catocala parta; 
O, Datana angusii; P, Epinotia nanana; Q, Olene basiflava; R, Heterocampa 
guttivitta; S, Anisota senatoria. 
EGGS 
The eggs are of various shapes, often with intricate ornamentation. 
Some species deposit their eggs singly, and others lay them in one or 
more groups or clusters which may be entirely naked, packed and 
coated with a cement or gelatinlike substance, or packed in hairs which 
the female removes from her body. 
LARVAE 
Lepidopterous pests cause injury during the larval stage, and it is 
at this time that they are usually observed, so a general description of 
the external larval structure will aid in distinguishing them from lar- 
vae of other orders. 
The larvae vary greatly in appearance but are usually more or less 
cylindrical. Each has a well-developed head, thorax, and abdomen. 
The head is equipped with biting mouth parts. The thorax has three 
