INSECT ENEMIES OF EASTERN FORESTS atl 
bordered with yellow. The anal end has two projections as in the 
preceding species. The larvae of both species feed on hackberry and 
are distributed practically throughout the entire range of their food 
plant. Sometimes these insects become locally abundant -and cause 
considerable concern, especially where hackberry trees have been 
planted for shade or ornament. There are two generations a year, 
and the immature larvae of the second generation pass the winter 
among the fallen leaves. The butterflies are found from June to 
September, and the larvae may be found on the under side of the leaves 
from spring until fall. They change to chrysalids on the under sides 
of leaves or in one or more leaves drawn together with silk. The leaves 
beneath infested trees may be raked up and burned late in the fall, 
thus destroying the hibernating larvae, or the trees may be sprayed 
with an arsenical during the growing season. 
FamMitry HESPERIIDAE 
The adults of the family Hesperiidae dart from place to place in 
the daytime and because of this manner of flight are commonly called 
“skippers.” The distinguishing characters are as follows: The head 
is nearly as wide or wider than the thorax, the clubs on the anten- 
nae are usually drawn out at the tips, and the hind tibiae usually have 
two pairs of spurs. The larvae of the common skippers are character- 
istic In appearance, all having large heads, and strongly constricted 
necks. The larvae are usually solitary, and when young, each con- 
ceals itself under a part of a leaf cut and folded over, constructing a 
larger nest when necessary, sometimes fastening two or more leaves 
together. 
Several species are common in the eastern part of the United States, 
but are seldom, if ever, of much economic importance. The larvae of 
Erynnis icelus (Scudd. and Burg.) and #. quwvenalis (F.) are found 
commonly on black oak, red oak, and scrub oak in the northeastern 
part of the United States. Sometimes they are common along road- 
sides and fence rows, but they have never been reported as abundant. 
These species hibernate as full-grown larvae in loose cocoons in the 
leaves on the ground. 
The adult of the silver-spotted skipper (Proteides clarus (Cram.) ), 
also described by Fabricius and discussed in publications as #’par- 
gyreus tityrus, is dark chocolate brown with a row of yellow spots 
extending across the forewings, and on the under side of the hind 
wings is a broad irregular silvery spot. The wing expanse is 134 to 2 
inches. The full-grown larva is nearly 2 inches long with a large head, 
which is dull red with two yellow spots on the lower part of the face. 
The neck and the sides of the first thoracic segment are red, the cervical 
shield is black, and the body pale greenish yellow marked with fine, 
black rings (fig. 70, G). The species is widely distributed throughout 
the United States and southern Canada. The larvae feed on black 
locust, clammy locust, ground nut, and wisteria, and occasionally cause 
serious defoliation locally. The adults of the first generation emerge 
from March to July, depending on the climatic range, and those of the 
second generation may be found as late as September. In the northern 
regions there may be only one generation, or a partial second. The 
larval habits are as described under the family. The larvae leave their 
