INSECT ENEMIES OF EASTERN FORESTS 379 
fastened lengthwise to some other nearby object. The winter is passed 
in the pupal stage. 
The full-grown larva of the promethea moth (Callosamia prome- 
thea (Drury) ) is about 2 inches in length. The head is small and 
yellow; the body is bluish or greenish white, on the top of the second 
and third thoracic segments are four large coral-red tubercles, and on 
the eighth abdominal segment is a large yellow one. Those on the 
top of the other segments and two rows of tubercles on each side of 
the body are black, much reduced in size, some merely raised dots. 
All the legs are yellowish, and each of the middle abdominal legs has 
a black dot in the middle of the outer side (fig. 72, (). The larvae 
in the first and second instars are yellowish with black bands, and from 
the third to the next-to-the-last instars, inclusive, the large tubercles 
on the back are yellow, and the bands have disappeared. 
This species ranges throughout most of the eastern part of the United 
States and southern Canada. Its food plants include ash, cherry, lilac, 
sassafras, spicebush, and yellow poplar. The moths emerge from June 
to August, the eggs are deposited more or less in small groups on the 
under sides of the leaves. The larvae feed gregariously for some time 
and may be found from late in June to September. They change to 
pupae within elongated cocoons, each enclosed in a leaf, the petiole of 
which is fastened to the branch by silk, and, thus securely fastened, 
the cocoon hangs from the tree throughout the winter. This is prob- 
ably the most common of our native species of Saturniidae. 
The full-grown larva of the luna moth (7’vropaea luna (U.)) is 
about 3 inches long. The head is bluish-green shaded with brown 
above and on the sides, the body is apple green to yellowish green, each 
segment with six pinkish or greenish tubercles from which arise yel- 
lowish bristles. The backs of the second and third thoracic segments 
are swollen under the tubercles, and these segments are more angular 
than the abdominal segments. The anal plate is amber colored, edged 
in front with yellow, and has a yellow stripe below the spiracles. The 
spiracles are reddish brown, and the true legs brown (fig. 72, )). This 
species is found from southern Canada south to Florida and west into 
the Mississippi Valley, also in Nebraska and Texas. Its principal 
food plants are hickory and walnut, but it is also found on beech, 
birch, persimmon, sweetgum, and willow. The moths emerge in June 
and July, the larvae are found from July to September, pupation takes 
place in a rather thin cocoon which resembles that of Z'elea poly- 
phemus, and the insect passes the winter as a pupa in the cocoon, 
usually on the ground. 
The full-grown larva of the polyphemus moth (7'elea polyphemus 
(Cram.)) is about 3 inches in length. The head is reddish brown, the 
front margin of the prothoracic segment yellow, the body apple green, 
and the segments convex to angular on the back, each segment with 
six orange or golden tubercles, some with a silvery tint, from which 
arise one to three straw-colored bristles. The spiracles are orange 
brown, the anal segment edged with purple, the thoracic legs yellowish 
to brown, and the middle abdominal legs greenish. The young larva 
is yellowish green, becoming greener as it increases in size, and the 
tubercles vary from green to orange red (fig. 72, #). This species is 
widely distributed throughout the United States and Canada. It has’ 
a long list of food plants which include basswood, beech, birch, elm, 
