INSECT ENEMIES OF EASTERN FORESTS 385 
two on the top of the second and two on the third thoracic segments 
and the caudal horn are longer than the others. Those on the top of 
the thoracic segments are curved backward like horns. The spiracles 
are large and white, and the anal shield and a triangular plate on the 
outer side of the anal claspers are brown or black with yellow margins 
and covered with raised orange-colored dots (fig. 74, B). This species 
is distributed through the eastern half of the United States and south- 
ern Canada, and its larvae are general feeders on foliage of forest and 
shade trees, but records indicate it is never an important defoliator. 
The moths emerge in June and July, the larvae may be found from 
July to October, and pupation takes place in the ground. There is 
one generation annually, and the winter is passed in the pupal stage. 
Famity ARCTIIDAE 
The Tiger Moths or Arctiids 
The Arctiidae are a large family of stout-bodied moths with moder- 
ately broad wings. Many species are marked with spots or stripes of 
bright colors, which apparently suggested the common name “tiger 
moths.” In general they are moderate in size, with broad head, ocelli 
present, antennae pectinate or ciliate, and the proboscis often weak. 
They are night fliers, are attracted to lights, and when at rest usually 
fold their wings rooflike upon the abdomen. 
The larvae of most species are clothed with dense clusters of hairs. 
In some species certain of these clusters are larger and longer than 
others, causing the larvae to resemble those of the tussock moths of 
the family Lymantriidae, and for this reason the larvae of the genus 
Halisidota are also commonly called tussocks. The woolly bears also 
belong to this family. Most species prefer the foliage of low-growing 
plants as food, but a few feed on the foliage of trees and shrubs. A 
great many species pupate in cocoons constructed of silk intermixed 
with hairs from the body of the larva. The species of most import- 
ance as feeders on the foliage of trees and shrubs are discussed in the 
following paragraphs. 
The hickory tussock moth (Halisidota caryae (Harr.) ) has a wing 
expanse of about 2 inches. ‘The head and body are ight brown or buff, 
the forewings light brown marked with many silvery white spots, and 
the hind wings pale yellowish and translucent. The full-grown larva 
is nearly 114 inches long. The head is black, and the body grayish 
white clothed with short spreading tufts of grayish-white hairs. 
There is a row of black tufts on the tops of the first eight abdominal 
segments, a pair of long black pencils arising from the first abdominal 
segment, and another pair on the seventh abdominal segment. The 
hairs arising from the thoracic segments are longer than those on 
other segments (fig. 75, 4). 
This species ranges from Quebec south through North Carolina and 
west to Saskatchewan and Missouri. The larvae are rather general 
- feeders on the foliage of deciduous trees and shrubs, but show a pref- 
erence for walnut, butternut, apple, pear, and hickory. They are 
frequently abundant locally, but apparently have never been recorded 
as causing any extensive defoliation. The moths emerge from late 
in May to early in July, and the eggs are deposited in batches of 50 
