INSECT ENEMIES OF EASTERN FORESTS 395 
of Canada and the Atlantic States. The larvae feed on hemlock, larch, 
and spruce. ‘The moths emerge in April and May, the larvae are found 
from May to July (later in Canada), and the winter is passed in the 
pupal stage in the ground. 
The full-grown larva of Phosphila turbulenta (Hbn.) is about 114 
inches in length. The head and cervical shield are black, the body 
above the spiracles is black with the prothoracic and last 3 abdominal 
segments marked with irregular white blotches, and the other: seg- 
ments have 12 broken white lines. The body below the spiracles is 
grayish green with 2 broken white stripes on each side. The legs are 
black. This species occurs in the Atlantic States, and the larvae feed 
on Smilax (greenbrier). The larvae are gregarious and often abun- 
dant locally. The moths emerge from June to August, the larvae are 
found from August to October, and the winter is passed i in the pupal 
stage in the eround. 
The full-grown larva of Charadra deridens (Guen.) is about 11% 
inches in length. The head is shining black and hairy, and has three 
yellow spots, one on the clypeus and one on each side. The body is 
dull white tinged with greenish and clothed with long, silky, w hite 
hairs arising from small wartlike tubercles. This species ranges from 
Canada to Florida and Texas, and west to Colorado. Oak, maple, elm, 
and birch are the preferred food plants. The moths emerge in June 
and July, larvae are found from July to October, and the winter is 
passed in the pupal stage in a rather loosely spun cocoon in leaves on 
the ground. 
The full-grown larva of Raphia frater Grote is about 114 inches in 
length. The head is pale, and the body bright green or tinged with 
blue and dotted with yellow. The back of “the second thoracic seg- 
ment bears two reddish protuberances, and on abdominal segments 
1, 5, and 8 are transverse, somewhat crescent-shaped, yellowish bands 
edged in front with red. This common species is found in the Atlantic 
States, and its food plants include poplar and willow. The moths 
emerge in June and July, the larvae are found from July to Septem- 
ber, and the winter is passed in the pupal stage in cocoons spun on 
the bark of trees or on the ground. 
The full-grown larva of Scolecocampa liburna (Geyer) is about 
18 inches in length. The head is black and the body whitish with 
brown spots. This species occurred through the Atlantic States in 
1902, according to Dyar (74/a). It is common, and the larvae feed in 
the decaying sapwood of various species of trees, particularly the 
oaks, chestnut, and hickories. The moths emerge dur ing Juy. The 
larvae are active during the late summer and fall. hibernate when 
partly grown, and complete their growth in the spring. Each pupates 
in the burrow in a loose cocoon composed of silk mixed with chips 
and frass. 
The full-grown larva of E’pizeuxis aemula (Hbn.) is dull brown 
and about 5g inch in length. The head is somewhat mottled and the 
_ body has a dark dorsal stripe. The spiracles and tubercles are black, 
This species was recorded in Dyar’s list (74/a) as occurring in the At- 
lantic States. It is common in the Northeastern States on spruce, 
particularly in ornamental plantings. The larvae are commonly 
found in webbed masses of dried needles and excrement on the 
branches. They feed on the older needles. The moths emerge in 
