INSECT ENEMIES OF EASTERN FORESTS 407 
favored species include apple, basswood, elm, horsechestnut, the pop- 
lars, Norway, silver, and sycamore maples, rose, sycamore, willow, 
and wisteria. ‘The winter is passed in the egg stage, and hatching takes 
place between April and June, depending on the climatic region. 
The newly hatched larvae skeletonize the leaves, later eat holes through 
other leaves, and finally devour all but the main stem. They can spin 
down on silken threads and when small may be carried long distances 
by the wind. The larval stage is completed in 30 to 40 days, when 
grayish cocoons, consisting of silk and hairs from the body, are spun 
under branches or in crevices. The pupal stage lasts about 2 weeks. 
In the vicinity of Washington, D. C., there are three generations a year, 
two in New Jersey and Connecticut, one with a partial second in 
Massachusetts, and usually only one farther north. This is a serious 
pest of shade trees, principally in cities and the larger villages. It is 
commonly found in deciduous forests, but seldom in abundance. In 
1897 Howard (241, 242) published on the results of studies of the 
parasites of this species, and in 1899 (243) on its life history and habits. 
The adults and larvae of Hemerocampa definita (Pack.), the defi- 
nite-marked tussock moth, closely resemble those of H. /eucostigma 
in form and size, and in the arrangement of the tufts of hairs on the 
larvae. The female, clothed in golden-brown hairs, deposits her eggs 
in a mass on the old cocoon and uses the hairs from her body for pack- 
ing and covering the eggs. ‘These egg masses are sometimes mistaken 
by the layman for those of the gypsy moth. The larva is yellow with 
a pale, almost colorless, dorsal stripe and a black spot behind each of 
the second and third tufts of hairs on the abdomen. It is seldom of 
economic importance. 
The male of the rusty tussock moth (Notolophus antiqua (L.)) is 
of a rusty color, otherwise both sexes are similar in form and coloration 
to the white-marked tussock moth. The eggs are deposited in a cluster 
of a single layer on the cocoon and are naked. The full-grown larva 
is about 11% inches long and can be identified by its black head, dark- 
gray body, the black hair pencil on each side of the second abdominal 
seoment, and the reddish-orange tubercles bearing the hairs. The 
tufts on the prothorax and abdomen are similar to those on the larva 
of the white-marked tussock. It has been recorded from the north- 
ern parts of the United States, Canada, and Europe. It is most com- 
mon in the Northern States and occasionally is abundant locally. The 
larvae feed on a wide variety of deciduous trees. They are recorded 
as injuring coniferous seedlings in Europe. There is normally one gen- 
eration, possibly a second in Massachusetts and south, otherwise its sea- 
sonal history is similar to that of the white-marked tussock moth. _ 
The genus Qlene, the oak and pine tussocks, has several species 
indigenous to the eastern part of the United States. The larvae have 
the tufts of hairs characteristic of the tussock moth group and have a 
black head and gray or brown body rather densely clothed with hairs. 
Some species have a plumose black hair in each of the lateral tufts. 
The moths are gray or brownish and are quite prominently marked, 
but itis difficult to determine them specifically. Both sexes are winged, 
and the female has a rather heavy body. In the Northern States the 
moths emerge from late in June to August. The eggs hatch late in the 
summer, the young larvae feed for a few weeks, then seek a place to 
hibernate under loose bark or in crevices, and complete their growth 
in the spring. 
