INSECT ENEMIES OF EASTERN FORESTS 421 
to September, and the winter is passed in the pupal stage on the 
ground. 
The full-grown larva of Apatelodes angelica (Grote) is 2 to 214 
inches in length. The head is rounded and brown, mottled with light 
and dark shades. The thorax has two broad black transverse bands 
on the back, otherwise the body is gray and marked with more or less 
of a network of fine wavy black lines. On the back of abdominal. 
segments 1 to 7 some of these lines assume a V-shape, and on each of 
these segments are four yellowish-green spots, those on the first seg- 
ment rather faint. The ventral area of the body is flattened. Long 
brown and white hairs from the prothorax project over the head, and 
whitish hairs from the middle of the second and third thoracic seg- 
ments also project forward. Those on the third segment are shorter 
and intermixed with short, stiff, red hairs. Below the spiracles are 
two rows of fascicles of white hairs of unequal length, mingled with a 
few longer brown ones. Other parts of the body are sparsely clothed 
with short white and black hairs. This species has been reported from 
Ontario, Canada, and the New England States to Florida, and west 
into the Ohio Valley. The larvae feed on ash and lilac. In New 
England the moths emerge in July, the larvae are found in August 
and September, and the winter is passed in the pupal stage on the 
ground. 
Famity GEOMETRIDAE 
The Geometers, Loopers, or Measuring Worms 
The larvae of the Geometridae move about by bringing the anal 
segments up to the thoracic feet, thus forming a loop of the body, and 
then extending the whole body again in the direction desired. Be- 
cause of this mode of locomotion they are commonly known as geome- 
ters, measuring worms, inchworms, loopers, or spanworms. ‘The 
moths, in general, are delicate and small to medium in size. They 
have a small head, slender body, relatively large and broad wings 
which are thin and clothed with fine scales. In many species the 
markings on the hind wings are similar to those on the forewings 
and often the lines are continuous on both. They are not strong fliers. 
Many species hold their wings in a horizontal position when at rest. 
In a few species the females are wingless or have only rudimentary 
wings. 
The larvae are elongate and usually quite slender, and the abdominal 
segments are sometimes ornamented with tubercles. The abdominal 
legs are more or less rudimentary or obsolete, except those on the sixth 
and tenth segments which as a rule are well developed. In many 
species the larvae closely resemble twigs and some have the habit of 
attaching themselves by the posterior prolegs or claspers to a twig 
or stem and stretching out at full length so as to appear like a spur 
or short twig. All species are foliage feeders, and the majority 
inhabit the forests and areas bordering woodlands. 
The pupae are all rather slender, but the mode of pupation varies 
with the different species. Some pupae are encased in flimsy cocoons 
among the leaves, some are attached to twigs or other objects, and 
others are formed in cells in the ground. 
A large number of species are represented in the eastern part of 
the United States. Many of these are more or less common each year, 
