INSECT ENEMIES OF EASTERN FORESTS A451 
The moths are gray, with a wing expanse of about % inch. The fore- 
wings are bluish-gray with the antemedial area shaded with dull red. 
The hind wings are brownish gray. The full-grown larva is about 
8 inch long. The head is dark red, the cervical shield pale red, and 
the body brownish black. The larvae attract attention in June and 
July. Each lives in a frass tube spun between leaves, enlarging it to 
form a case when nearly full grown. The moths emerge in July and 
August. 
Acrobasis betulella Hulst is closely related to A. comptoniella and 
is recorded from Maine to New York, and from Colorado and Cali- 
fornia. The larvae of this species feed on black, gray, and paper 
birch. A. rubrifasciella Pack. is similar to A. comptoniella and 
attacks alder and hazel in the Northeastern States. A. coryliella 
Dyar is found in the New England States on Corylus (hazelnut). The 
larvae are noticed in May and June and the moths emerge in July. 
Mineola vaccinii (Riley) is common in New England, and it has been 
reported as attacking the fruit of blueberry and huckleberry. Frank- 
lin (766) stated that it sometimes caused serious injury to wild cran- 
berry fruit. The larvae bore into the fruit late in the summer and 
the moths emerge the following July. 
The moth of the spruce coneworm (ioryctria reniculella (Grote) ) 
is Silvery gray, sometimes with a brownish tint and has a wing expanse 
of 34 tol inch. The forewings are shaded with hght and dark gray 
and ornamented with transverse zigzag white lines and a white discal 
spot. The full-grown larva is about 5 inch long. The head and 
cervical shield are reddish brown, the body is reddish or amber brown, 
and each segment is ornamented with piliferous warts. 
It has been reported from various localities in the northeastern part 
of the United States from Maine to Michigan and from Colorado. Its 
principal food plant is spruce, although some authors have recorded 
it as attacking pine. The moths emerge late in June or in July. The 
larvae mine the young cones and the tender terminal growth, sur- 
rounding them with a mass of webbed excreta. They are active in 
the spring, and their feeding causes the new growth to curl and the 
scales to separate from the axis of the cone. Often, when they are 
first noticed the injury has already occurred. In ornamental plant- 
ings, the destruction of the infested cones prior to June first is 
advisable. 
Dioryctria abietella (D. & 8.) is very similar to ). reniculella and 
is probably often confused with it. The full-grown larva is about 34 
inch long. The head is shiny brown, cervical shield blackish shading 
to gray in front, body dull with a purphsh tinge and ornamented with 
puliferous warts, and the anal shield is large and dull brown. It is 
well known in Europe, and although it is present in the United States 
its distribution is uncertain. Carl Heinrich of the U. 8S. National 
Museum furnished the following information : 
The larvae of D. abietella have a variety of habits. They are both primary 
and secondary. They bore into new and otherwise uninfested terminals and into 
terminals that have been attacked by Rhyacionia buoliana. They attack both 
healthy and diseased cones of pine, spruce, and Douglas-fir. They bore into and 
feed on the ecambium of smooth bark on the trunk and branches of all species of 
pine and Douglas-fir; and they also feed in galls on any part of the tree. The 
species seems to be distributed throughout the range of the genus Pinus. 
