INSECT ENEMIES OF EASTERN FORESTS 457 
Many are solitary and conceal themselves in a folded or rolled leaf 
or in one or more leaves webbed together. 
The moth of Recurvaria apicitripunctella (Clem.) is buff yellow 
shading into white, with a wing expanse of about 7 inch. The wings 
have a silky fringe, the forewing marked with blackish spots and dots, 
and the hind wing very narrow and concolorous with the fringe. The 
full-grown larva is about 14 inch long. The head, cervical shield, and 
true legs are pale brown, and the body is greenish, sometimes with a 
brownish tinge. 
It is found throughout the northeastern part of the United States, 
south to the District of Columbia and west into the Lake States. Hem- 
lock and bald cypress are its food plants. The moths are active from 
early June to the middle of July. The life cycle and habits are quite 
similar to those of Recurvaria piceaella. The larva feeds during late 
summer and fall, mining and webbing together the leaves, forming 
a broad, flat web of six or eight mined leaves in which it passes the 
winter. On the arrival of spring it continues its work by mining more 
leaves, and becomes full grown late in May or early in June. The 
brown, mined needles in the webs give the tree a very unsightly appear- 
ance, Local outbreaks have been recorded in Massachusetts. For con- 
trol use the same measures as for 'pinotia nanana (see p. 472). 
The moth of Recurvaria piceaella (Kearf.) is grayish with head and 
thorax pale yellow to whitish. The forewings have three diagonal, 
irregular light bands crossing them, and are marked with a few rather 
conspicuous blackish spots. The hind wings are rather broad and are 
pearly, slate gray. The wing expanse is about 34 inch. The full-grown 
larva is about 3°; inch in length, reddish to light cmnamon brown, with 
the head and thoracic shield light brown. 
It is distributed in the United States from Maine to Colorado, and 
attacks Colorado blue spruce, Norway spruce, red spruce, and white 
spruce. The life cycle and habits are very similar to those of E'pinotia 
nanana (p. 472). The moths are active from June to the middle of 
July, depending somewhat upon the season and locality. The eggs are 
deposited on the needles, hatching takes place in July, and each young 
larva mines one or more needles during the summer and fall. The 
insect passes the winter as a partly grown larva in a mine, resumes 
feeding as a miner again early in spring, and completes its growth 
about the last of May. Each larva mines several needles and enough 
silk is spun to hold the mined needles on the twigs for many weeks, 
The dried mined needles cause an unsightly appearance on orna- 
mentals. In forests it probably never becomes abundant enough to 
cause serious injury. The control is the same as for /’. nanana (p. 472.) 
The moth of Recurvaria thujaella (KKearf.) is cream white, heavily 
dusted with black and brown scales and has a wing expanse of about 
34 inch. The forewing has three oblique, blackish bands, and the 
apical region is shaded and has strong costal and terminal dots. The 
hind wing is gray with a brownish tinge. The larva is dull reddish, 
with head, cervical shield, and anal plate blackish. It is a leaf miner 
of arborvitae, and is sometimes very abundant, although probably 
not so important as <lrgyresthia thuiella. It has been recorded 
from the northeastern part of the United States and southeastern 
Canada. The eggs are deposited in the small crevices between the 
