INSECT ENEMIES OF EASTERN FORESTS 467 
Europe have been introduced into this country by the Federal Bureau 
of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, and three of these have become 
established. 
After the canopy closes in a stand of pine, usually little damage 
results from this pest. Prior to this, however, in regions favorable 
for this insect it 1s advisable to make an annual inspection of the 
plantations and to cut off and destroy all infested tips. The month 
of May is the best time of year to do this work, as many larvae die 
from natural causes during the winter, and the tips containing living 
larvae are most conspicuous after erowth starts in the spring. “Fy iend 
(771) stated that one should not wait until the infestation becomes 
heavy before starting control measures. In stands of sufficient value 
Figure 106.—Red pines, about 12 years old, showing bushy and distorted growth 
and loss in height increment because of continued infestation of buds by the 
European pine shoot moth (Rhyacionia buoliana). 
to warrant the expense an application of a lead arsenate at 
the rate of 8 pounds, with 2 pints of fish oil, to 100 gallons of water, 
or derris, 8 pounds, with 2 quarts of fish oil, to 100 ‘eallons of water 
inay be used. This should be applied as a mist spray at the time the 
new needles of red pine are about one-half the length of the old needles, 
which in Connecticut is usually between June 2 23 and duly 7. It is 
essential that the buds and new needle sheaths be covered with the 
insecticide to be effective. (See also p. 34.) 
The Nantucket pine tip moth (Rhyacionia frustrana (Comst.) ) is 
vecdien brown with silver-gray markings and has a wing expanse of 
about 7%4¢ inch. The larva is yellowish to pale brown, with the feud 
and thoracic shield dark brown. Fully grown larvae are about % 
inch in length. 
Its distribution is from Massachusetts south to Florida and west 
through the Central States to Texas. <A variety, Rhyacionia frus- 
trana bushnelli (Busk), occurs in Minnesota,, the Dakotas, and Ne- 
braska, and at Fort Bayard, N. Mex., where it was probably intro- 
