INSECT ENEMIES OF EASTERN FORESTS 471 
The moth of H'pisimus argutanus (Clem.) is dull reddish or gray- 
ish brown, mottled with darker colors. Fresh specimens are tinged 
with purple. The wing expanse is about 14 inch. The full-grown 
larva is about 1% inch long. The head is ight brown, and the body 
light green, more or less tinged with red. This species, usually com- 
mon, is distributed throughout most of North America, Central Amer- 
ica, and the West Indies. Its food plants include sumac, poison ivy, 
witch-hazel, and various shrubs. Each larva lives in a rolled leaf or 
between two leaves fastened together with silk. There are two or 
more generations a year. In the New England States the moths 
emerge in May and June, and from July to September. The larvae 
are found from June to late in September, and the winter is passed in 
the pupal stage. 
The adult of Zeiraphera ratzeburgiana (Ratz.) is a light brown 
moth, with a wing expanse of about 1% inch. The forewings have 
darker diagonal markings, somewhat variable, and the outer margins 
are straight. The full-grown larva is about 8% inch in length. The 
head is brownish yellow, the cervical shield paler, and the body yel- 
lowish or grayish green. Heinrich (2/7) stated: “The species is an 
introduced one in this country, but is apparently well distributed 
through the spruce regions of the Northern States and Canada.” The 
small larvae feed in the opening buds on the tender needles in the 
spring, webbing terminal needles together. The pupae are formed 
on the terminal twigs, and the moths emerge during July and August. 
This species was abundant on spruce along the coast of Maine about 
1882-84 and 1934-36. 
The eye-spotted bud moth (Spilonota ocellana (D. & 8.) ) is dark, 
ashy gray, with a large, irregular, whitish median band on the fore- 
wing. ‘The wing expanse is about 34 inch. The full-grown larva is 
about 34 inch long, dark brown, with a black head. This species is 
an importation from Europe, and is recorded as occurring in North 
America from coast to coast, chiefly in the Northern States and in 
southern Canada. 
Its food plants include apple, blackberry, hawthorn, larch, laurel, 
oak, pear, and plum. Although some forest trees are attacked, it is 
chiefly a pest of apple. The moths emerge in June and early in July. 
The eggs are laid on the under side of the leaves, and hatching takes 
place later in the summer. The small larva feeds a short time, then 
migrates to a twig and spins a tiny silken case in which it hibernates. 
In the spring it resumes feeding, attacking the opening buds and un- 
folding leaves. As the leaves expand the larva binds them together 
with silk, feeding inside. It becomes full grown in June and con- 
structs a silk-lined cocoon in the leaves in which it pupates. 
Epinotia nanana (Treit.), a dark smoky-brown moth, has a wing 
expanse of about 7%, inch. The forewing has a rather blunt apex, 
which is black and defined below by a white dash. A blackish band 
crosses from the middle of the costa to before the anal angle. Fresh 
specimens have five distinct white spots on the costa, and the wing is 
also flecked with whitish scales. There is a continuous black line 
in the fringe. The hind wing is nearly concolorous. ‘The full-grown 
larva is about 54, inch in length. The head, cervical shield, thoracic 
legs, and anal plate are blackish. The body is dirty white to reddish. 
The pupa is brownish, darkening with age. 
