INSECT ENEMIES OF EASTERN FORESTS 473 
only when it vacates one mined needle and is boring into another. 
Therefore an adhesive is essential. ‘The spray should be apphed as 
a mist. If it seems desirable to combine a contact insecticide with 
this spray, one pint of 40-percent nicotine sulphate can be added to 
the above formula. 
The moth of the maple trumpet skeletonizer (E'pinotia aceriella 
(Clem.) ) is white, dusted with gray or brown, and has a wing expanse 
of about 5 inch. The full-grown larva is about 4% inch ‘Jong and 
is light green with a yellowish head. The foliage of red maple and 
occasionally sugar maple is attacked. The larva eats only the paren- 
chyma between the lar ger veins on the under side of the leaves. It usu- 
ally attacks one of the Targer leaves spinning a silken web on the under 
side, causing the leaf to fold, and in this fold it forms a long blackish 
trumpetlike frass tube. This tube increases in size with the develop- 
ment of the larva and may reach a length of 2 inches before the larva 
is fully grown. The larvae feeds from this tube skeletonizing the area 
covered by the web, and this causes the leaf to crumple. This species 
is distributed from North Carolina to Ontario and Quebec. ‘The moths 
emerge in June, and the larvae may be found from late in July to 
September. The characteristic work of the larva sometimes attracts 
attention, but the injury caused is not considered serious, even when 
the insect is abundant. For control apply an arsenical spray (p. 53, 
formula 1) to the under side of the foliage. 
Laspeyresia youngana (Kearf.) is a dark brown moth, with a wing 
expanse of about 8 inch. The forewing is bronze brown, broadly 
banded with lead color except toward the base. The hind wing is 
smoky brown. The larvae bore into cones of spruce, feeding upon the 
seeds. It is rather widely distributed throughout the Northern States 
and Canada. Heinrich (2/5) reported two generations annually, 
adults appearing in April and May and in August and September. 
The winter is passed in the larval stage, the larvae hiber nating in the 
center of the cones. Control measures are not recommended for the 
forest. 
The moth of the hickory shuckworm (Laspeyresia caryana 
(Fitch) ) is smoky black with lead-colored stripes. The wing expanse 
is about 144 inch. The forewing has short, whitish streaks along the 
costal margin. The full-grown larva is about 8 inch long and has a 
hght-brown head and creamy-white body. This species is recorded 
from Canada, the eastern part of the United States, and west to Mis- 
sourl and Texas. It feeds on the nuts of the various species of hickory 
and pecan (fig. 109, 4) (Gill, 783 and Moznette et al., 509). 
There may be from one to four generations a year depending on 
the climatic range. The winter is passed in the larval stage in the 
fallen pecan or hickory shucks. In Florida, the moths of the first 
generation emerge between the middle of February and the latter 
part of April, while farther north the emergence is somewhat later, 
the emergence, in general, occurring when the foliage and nuts of the 
pignut are developing. Just before emergence time the pupal skin - 
is extended a short distance through the circular cut (fig. 109, B). 
The eggs are deposited on the nuts or foliage, and the young larvae 
bore into the nuts. Small green or nearly mature nuts may be attacked. 
To control the insect, gather and destroy all infested nuts in the 
winter. The removal cf hickory trees growing in the immediate 
