INSECT ENEMIES OF EASTERN FORESTS AT5 
Manitoba and Ontario, Canada. Black locust is its food plant. In 
Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee, and in the vicinity of 
Washington, D. C., there are two generations a year, possibly more 
farther south, while in the North there may be only one generation. 
Moths of the first generation may be found from early in May until the 
end of June, and those of the second generation from early in July to 
October. The eggs hatch within 5 to 6 days. The larva is a twig 
borer, attacking only new growth and forming an elongate gall from 
1 to 8 inches in length. During the summer the life cycle may be 
completed in from 35 to 40 days. In the vicinity of Washington, 
D. C., larvae may be found in nearly all instars from late in May to 
early in November. The full-grown larva emerges from the gall, spins 
a flat bean-shaped cocoon in the leaves on the ground, passes the winter 
in this stage, and pupates in April. It is of considerable economic 
importance. In addition to the injury caused to the small branches, 
the elongate galls crack open with age and disfigure the tree. Cut 
and destroy the infested twigs before the larvae escape. This will be 
of some value but practicable only on a very limited scale. (See also 
Control of Borers on p. 32.) 
Taniva albolineana (Kearf.) is a dark brown moth with a wing 
expanse of about 144 inch. The forewings have three irregular, trans- 
verse, grayish-white fasciae, more or less broken, particularly the outer 
one. The hind wings are brown with a much hghter fringe. The 
full-grown larva is cylindrical and about 8% inch in length. ‘The head 
is yellowish brown, the thoracic and anal shields are of pale greenish 
color, and the body is a light, greenish brown, semitransparent, and 
sparsely clothed with fine hairs. It is distributed from Maine to 
North Carolina and west to Colorado and Idaho, also in Canada in 
Ontario, Manitoba, Alberta, and British Columbia. Its host plants 
are blue spruce, Norway spruce, and Engelmann spruce. 
The moths emerge from the middle of May to the middle of June 
depending on the locality and the season. The eggs are deposited on 
the needles, usually in groups of 6 or 7 eggs each. Hatching takes 
place in 10 or 12 days, depending on the prevailing temperatures. 
Soon after hatching the larvae bore into a green needle near the base, 
and feed gregariously during their early instars. As they increase in 
size the tendency to separate becomes apparent. Shortly after the 
feeding is begun they construct a web reaching from the entrance hole 
in each needle to the twig and this affords them protection when the 
mined needles are severed from the stem. All frass is forced out of 
the entrance holes in the needles, much of which adheres to the web- 
bing. Feeding continues until heavy frosts appear. Each larva then 
enters a hollowed-out needle, and with the head near the entrance hole 
it spins a web over the hole for protection and hibernates until spring. 
Feeding is resumed late in March or early in April. Some external 
feeding is done just prior to entering the prepupal stage. It has been 
found that each larva will destroy an average of 10 needles on blue 
spruce. Pupation takes place from the middle of April to early in 
May in silken cocoons constructed in the old webbing along the main 
stems of the branches. 
It is particularly a pest of ornamental spruce trees, infesting the 
entire crown of small trees, but on large trees the heaviest infestation 
is usually on the lower branches, decreasing gradually toward the top 
