476 MISC. PUBLICATION 657, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 
of the crown. A simple and efficient method of control consists in 
forcing a strong stream of water through a small-aperture nozzle 
attached to a gar rden hose and washing the webs loose. The operation 
should start as high as the infestation is found on the tr ees, and care 
should be taken to wash all webs down as the work progresses. After 
all the webs have been washed to the ground, all loose needles and 
webs around the base and beyond the edge of the crown should be 
immediately removed and burned: The most opportune time for this 
treatment is in March before the leaf buds begin to swell, or in the 
fall just before the cold weather sets in. 
Famity TORTRICIDAE 
The tortricids, or bell moths, as they are sometimes called because 
of their shape when the wings are folded, constitute a large and wide- 
spread family. Many species are represented in the eastern part of 
the United States, and with few exceptions they are small with a 
wing expanse of less than 1 inch. They are of variegated color but 
usually of dull shades, with stout body, and wide, oblong, fringed 
wings. The costa of the forewings is often sinuate and the antennae 
threadlike. They are active at night. The eggs are flattened and 
oval. The larvae, in general, are called leaf rollers or leaf tiers be- 
cause of their habits of rolling a leaf or spinning several leaves or 
shoots together in which they live in concealment. They are elongate. 
never conspicuously marked except for the shields and “tubercles, and 
are sparsely clothed with hairs, although many may appear as naked 
to the casual observer. Pupation usually takes place on or close to 
the food plant, and the pupae are enclosed in flimsy cocoons of silk. 
The pupae have two transverse rows of short stout spines on most of 
the abdominal segments. Just prior to the emergence of the adults 
the pupae move so as to protrude from the cocoons. 
Many species of this family are common in the forest and on shade 
trees, and some of them are pests of considerable importance. Some 
species are restricted as to food preference and others are general 
feeders. The species most common as pests in the eastern part of the 
United States are discussed in the following pages. 
Amorbia humerosana (Clem.) isa hght gray moth, slightly mottled 
and dotted with minute black scales. The for ewings have darker eray 
bordering the costa and brownish on the inner margin, and the hind 
wings are brownish gray. The wing expanse is about % to 1 inch. 
The larva is hght green and has a Tieht- brown head. This species 
ranges from Nova Scotia and Ontario south through Pennsylvania, 
and is usually common in the New England States. The larva is a 
leaf roller and has a long list of food plants, including willow, apple, 
and poplar. The moths emerge in May and June, the larvae are active 
from July to September, and the insect passes the winter in the pupal 
stage. 
Adoxophyes furcatana (Wlkr.) is a pale, straw-yellow moth. The 
forewings are marked with fine golden brown lines, an irregular oblique 
hght-brown band reaches from before the middle of the costa to before 
the anal angle, and a second one from three-fourths the way out on 
the costa to the anal angle. The hind wings are white. The wing 
expanse is about 84 to % inch.’ The full-grown larva is about 34 inch 
