480 MISC. PUBLICATION 657, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 
It is distributed through much of Canada from Nova Scotia to 
British Columbia and throughout most of the United States. The 
larva is a leaf-tier, solitary in habits, and is a general feeder on the 
foliage of deciduous trees and shrubs, particularly those of the family 
Rosaceae. Usually in most of the ‘Northern States there are two 
generations annually, although in the colder portions there may be 
only one each year. Winter is passed as small larvae, each in a tightly 
woven case spun under bud scales, beneath loose bark or between 
leaves. The larvae become active in spring, when the new leaves are 
unfolding. After 4 or 5 days of surface feeding each larva rolls a 
leaf or ties two or more together with silk and conceals itself within 
this shelter. It continues to feed on the foliage or flower buds of its 
food plant, and matures in June. The larva is very active and if dis- 
turbed will spin down ona silken thread. Moths from the overwinter- 
ing generation emerge in June and in July. Larvae of the summer 
generation may be found from late in June to August and their moths 
emerge in July and August. The small larvae that overwinter 
hatch from the eggs in August or September. Larvae of the summer 
generation sometimes cause considerable injury by gouging in the 
green fruit of their food plant. Greenwood (203) reported on the life 
history of this insect. 
The large aspen tortrix (Archips conflictana (Wlkr.)) is a dull, 
light-gray moth, with a wing expanse of 34 to 114 inches. The fore- 
wing 1s of a darker shade at the base, and an oblique patch extends 
from just before the middle of the costa to the inner mar gin two-thirds 
of the way out. There is also a subterminal patch. The hind wing 
is concolorous. 
The full-grown larva is about 1 inch long. The head is black or 
brownish, and the cervical shield black with the exception of the front 
margin and a narrow dorsal line of dull white. The body is dull olive 
green, although some specimens are darker, and the anal shield is 
black. 
It has been recorded from New York and Utah north to Alaska and 
Labrador. The food plants are the large-toothed and small-toothed 
poplars. The moths emerge in June, and the flat, green eggs are de- 
posited in flat masses on the upper surface of the leaves. Hatching 
takes place in July, and the young larvae crawl to the under surfaces 
of the leaves and feed on the tissues. They are very active, spin much 
silk, and are leaf rollers. Late in July or August they enter hiberna- 
tion, remaining until the new growth starts in the spring. Each larva 
rolls a leaf more or less funnel-shaped, in which it lives and eats, and 
when necessary, it migrates and repeats the performance. Pupation 
takes place in the rolled leaf, usually early in June, but the exact time 
depends on the climate. This insect is sometimes a serious defoliator 
in the poplar forests of northern Maine and New Hampshire, and in 
some of the Canadian Provinces. 
The adult of the spruce budworm (Archips fumiferana (Ciem.)) 
(fig. 112) has a wing expanse of about 7% inch and is very variable in 
eeneral color and markings, depending on the host species on W hich 
the larva has fed. The form occurr ing on spruce and balsam fir is a 
dull gray, with the forewings overlaid “with bands, streaks, and spots 
of brown. In the middle of the upper margin of the forewings there 
is a whitish spot. The eggs are pale green and oval, and are laid on 
