INSECT ENEMIES OF EASTERN FORESTS 485 
One European species, Phalonia rutilana (Hbn.), is important 
enough to be discussed here. The moth has a wing expanse of about 
32 inch. The head, thorax, and forewings are yellow with deep-red 
markings, the red on the forewings consisting of four broad bands, 
often the outer one connected with the third. The hind wings and 
abdomen are gray. The full-grown larva is brownish yellow, with 
the head and cervical shield somewhat darker. This species was intro- 
duced from Europe about 1878, and is now known to occur in the 
United States from Maine to New Jersey and Indiana. The larvae 
feed on juniper, particularly the common juniper (Juniperus com- 
munis), on which this species is sometimes abundant. The moths 
emerge in June. The larvae spin webs on the foliage, and their feed- 
ing causes a browning of the host plant. The larvae become full- 
grown late in May or early in June and pupate in the webbing. 
Junipers of sufficient value to warrant the expense can be protected 
by an arsenical spray (p. 53) applied early in the spring. 
Famity HELIOZELIDAE 
This is a small family, and its strongly flattened larvae are tissue 
feeders forming small blotch mines. They do not leave the mines 
until they are full grown. By that time a considerable part of each 
mine is filled with frass. 
There are three genera represented in North America, but only one 
species, the tupelo leaf miner (Antispila nyssaefoliella Clem.), is 
recorded as being very destr uctive. The moth is dark brown and has 
a wing expanse of about 54, inch. The larva has a dark-brown head 
and cervical shield, and the body is pale green. The cocoon is spun 
within the mine; the outer wall, composed of the upper and lower 
epidermis of the leaf, is then cut away so that the case with its occu- 
pant drops to the ground (fig. 114). The moths emerge in May. It 
is widely distributed through the eastern half of the United States 
and is a blotch miner of tupelo, sometimes causing a complete brown- 
ing of the leaves late in summer. A combined lead arsenate-nicotine 
spray (p. 538) appled when the moths are flying should aid in the 
control of this insect. 
Famitry GLYPHIPTERYGIDAE 
The family Glyphipterygidae, closely related to the Tortricidae, is 
represented by about 40 species in North America, but most of these 
are relatively unimportant as pests. 
The one important species is the apple and thorn Bielevaniver 
(Anthophila pariana (Clerck)). The moth is dark gray to dark red- 
dish brown, often with a purplish tinge. The wing expanse is about 
14 inch, and the markings on the forewings are variable. The full- 
grown larva has a pale- brown head, a yellowish-g ereen body with 
prominent black tubercles, and is about 14 inch in length. This species 
is of European origin. It was first found in the United States in Au- 
oust 1917 in Westchester County, N.Y., by E. P. Felt, and is now known 
to occur in the Northeastern States from New Jersey to Maine. Its 
food plants in the United States are chiefly apple and to a lesser degree 
thorn and pear, whereas in Europe it is recorded as feeding on moun- 
tain-ash, birch, and plum. 
