INSECT ENEMIES OF EASTERN FORESTS 489 
row with an expanse of less than 14 inch. Many of the species are so 
similar that to make accurate determinations it is often necessary to 
have the larval cases and food-plant records as well as specimens of 
the adults. The larvae are leaf miners, at least during the first instar, 
but after this they construct portable cases that they carry around on 
the hinder part of the body wherever they go. In subsequent instars 
some species are external feeders, but others continue as miners, as a 
rule, never leaving the case but feeding by mining in a circle or ‘from 
each side of the point of entrance as far as they can reach without be- 
coming detached from their cases. 
In walking about the larva protrudes the head and most of the thorax 
from the case, and these exposed parts are strongly chitinized. The 
anal segment is also protected with a large chitinized plate, as this seg- 
ment is pushed out through a small opening in the posterior end of the 
case when excrement is being extruded. The case is made from a part 
of the mined leaf lined with fine silk. It is enlarged when necessary 
or a new one is made so that the larva is sheltered at all times. The 
pupa is dark colored and is formed within the larval case. 
These insects are widely distributed throughout the United States 
and Canada. The foliage, flowers, fruit, and seeds of various plants 
serve as food for one or more species. Many have one generation an- 
nually and their life cycles are similar. Some species are known to 
have two generations a year, and at least one in the West requires 2 
years to complete its life cycle. The adults of the single-brooded 
species issue in the summer and deposit their eggs, as a rule, on the leaf 
surface of the food plant. Hibernation takes place as a partly grown 
larva within the case, which has been fastened securely to a twig or 
branch. As the foliage begins to develop in the spring the larva re- 
sumes feeding, consuming much more food than in the earlier instars. 
It attains full growth and changes to a pupa late in spring or early 
in the summer. Of the species having two generations a year, one 
brood of the larvae hibernate in the cases. 
A few species are of considerable importance as defoliators, some 
cause injury to the opening buds, and others injure young fruit. Some 
of the more important species are briefly mentioned here. 
The moth of the pecan cigar casebearer (Coleophora caryaefoli- 
ella Clem.) is brownish and has a wing expanse of about 24 inch. The 
larva is similar to other larvae of this group. The cigar-shaped case 
is brown and about 14 inch in length. The distribution ranges from 
New Hampshire to Florida and to the western border of Texas. The 
pecan, the various species of hickory, and black walnut are the favored 
food plants. There is one generation a year, the moths, issuing dur- 
ing June. The larvae feed first as miners, then construct small cases. 
Hibernation takes place in these cases as partly grown larvae. New 
cigar-shaped cases are constructed in the spring, and the feeding is re- 
sumed upon opening buds and oe foliage, sometimes causing se- 
rious damage (Gill, 783 and Leiby, 272). 
The adult of the cigar casebearer (Coleophora fletcherella Fern.) 
has a wing expanse of about %, inch. The wings are dark gray to 
grayish brown with the apex acted with grayish ochre. The larva is 
golden brown with a black endl The case is brown, cylindrical, 
shaped like a cigar, and about 54, inch in length. This insect is dis- 
tributed throughout the Northern States, probably being found in 
