526 MISC. PUBLICATION 657, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 
pelates sp. have been bred from weeviled white-pine leaders by Mac- 
Aloney (278). These species are likewise believed to be scavengers, 
although @. apicalis is apparently sometimes parasitic. 
NONPHYTOPHAGOUS SPECIES 
BLOOD-SUCKING DIPTERA 
Hosts and families commonly concerned: 
On mammals On poultry 
Culicidae Muscidae 
Ceratopogonidae On song birds 
Simuliidae Calliphoridae 
Tabanidae Metopiidae 
Rhagionidae Hippoboscidae 
Muscidae On game birds 
Hippoboscidae Culicidae 
Calliphoridae Calliphoridae 
Simuliidae 
KEY TO ALL FAMILIES 
LARVAE 
Ie Larvae aquatic. or semiag UathiGs= =e os eo any ee ee 2 
barvae-terres trian 25 eae ye a ep ee eo 5 
2. Head incomplete; retractile; mandibles moving vertically 
Tabanidae, p. 529. 
Head complete: mandibles opposed] 2 =! a ae 3 
oe Ehoracie segments not fused i= 3 2a a ee + 
Thoracic segments fused and dilated___________ Culicidae, p. 526. 
4, Larvae metapneustic with anal retractile gills; last 3 or 4 segments 
greatly swollen, giving the larva a club-shaped appearance 
Simuliidae, p. 528. 
Larva metapneustie with or without retractile anal or caudal gills 
Ceratopogonidae, p. 527. 
5. Larvae viviparous; ectoparasites of various warm-blooded verte- 
DEates 2 0c ee ane De ee ee Hippoboscidae, p. 529. 
Larvae: NOt ViVIpatOUs = oom 2,2 Pea ee ee cee = age 6 
6. Mandibles or mouth-hooks normally sickle-shaped 
Rhagionidae, p. 536. 
Mandibles or mouth-hooks short and hooklike____ Muscidae, p. 537. 
Calliphoridae, p. 538. 
Famity CULICIDAE 
Mosquitoes 
The Culicidae, or mosquitoes, are slender flies with no ocelli, gen- 
erally with a piercing proboscis, and, in the males, thickly plumose 
antennae. The wings are long and narrow, with six fully developed 
longitudinal veins that reach the wing margin. All the species, so 
far as is known, are aquatic in their early stages, feeding on algae 
and other organisms in the water. 
The malaria mosquitoes, Anopheles spp., and the yellow-fever 
mosquito (Aedes aegypti (L.)) are well-known representatives of this 
family. In some locations the mosquitoes constitute one of the great- 
est annoyances to man and animals, and occasionally their abundance 
is such that field work must be abandoned for a time. This is also 
true in recreational areas where mosquitoes are frequently so trouble- 
some that the place becomes uninhabitable. 
Control measures vary according to the species concerned. Accord- 
ing to Bishopp (33), the northern house mosquito (Culex pipiens L.) 
