INSECT ENEMIES OF EASTERN FORESTS BAT! 
C. quinquefasciatus Say, and Aedes aegypti (.) breed in many 
places—rain pools, ornamental pools, cisterns, cesspools—in fact, in 
any place where there is standing water. These are generally called 
domestic mosquitoes. The most important control measure is the 
elimination of such breeding places. Where elimination is imprac- 
tical the water should be treated (King, 263). Kerosene is the most 
commonly used oil, although in extensive breeding areas a weekly 
spraying with No. 2 fuel oil is recommended. The oil should be used 
in sufficient quantity to form a slight film over the surface. Where 
oil is objectionable, gasoline or powdered borax may be substituted. 
Ginsburg (7/87) reported good results from the use of a pyrethrum 
larvicide. 
The control of forest-inhabiting mosquitoes that breed in marshes 
and swamps is principally a matter of drainage or the use of biological 
control measures, and the chief requisite is community action. Where 
drainage is impractical or would be detrimental to wild life, as in 
certain coastal or inland areas, ditching is usually resorted to. Deep 
pools are dug in the lower sections and stocked with fish that will eat 
the wrigglers. Open ditches radiate from these pools to the higher 
levels. When the water is high, the fish work out; when low, they re- 
turn to the pools. Some areas may be treated with an application 
of the oil or with a pyrethrum larvicide. 
There is no known repellent that will give relief from mosquito 
attack for more than a few hours. The following available repellents 
are effective and safe when used individually or in combination: 
Dimethyl phthalate, dimethyl carbate (cis-bicyclo [2,2,1]-5-heptene- 
2,3-dicarboxylic acid, dimethyl ester), Indalone (7-butyl mesityl oxide 
oxalate), and R-612 (2-ethyl-1,3-hexanediol). These are described 
by Travis and Morton.” 
These chemicals vary greatly in their effectiveness against different 
species and on different individuals. Laboratory and field tests have 
shown that a mixture of Dimethyl phthalate 3 parts, Indalone 1 part, 
and R-612 1 part, is more effective against a wider range of insect 
species and on more individuals than any one of the repellents when 
used alone. Dimethyl carbate may be substituted for R-612 if the 
latter is not available. 
Some of the repellents, alone and in combination, are now available 
in many drug stores under proprietary or trade names. 
Famity CERATOPOGONIDAE 
Punkies, “No-see-ums,” Sand Flies 
The family Ceratopogonidae is allied with the family Chironomidae, 
but was separated from it by Malloch (288). The chitinized mouth 
parts and short metanotum without longitudinal groove are character- 
istic of the family. Both aquatic and terrestrial species occur. 
Adults of the aquatic genus Culicoides (punkies) are blood suckers, 
as are also those of the genus Leptoconops. They attack both man 
and animals. Other genera attack insects. Because of their minute 
size, the bite of these flies is often felt before its cause 1s apparent. 
2 TRAvIS, B. V., and Morron, F. A. USE OF REPELLENTS AND MITICIDES. Bur. 
Ent. and Plant Quar. E-698, 6 pp. 1946. [Processed. | 
792440°—49 34 
