570 MISC. PUBLICATION 657, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 
duced into the United States sometime prior to 1891. It is now known 
to occur through the northeastern part of the United States and in 
the southern part of Canada. The larvae mine the leaves of alder, 
especially the European alders that have been cultivated in North 
America. Each larva makes a blotch mine and often several larvae 
in one leaf may merge them into one large common mine. The mined 
leaves on the trees or shrubs present an unsightly appearance, and 
those that are badly mined drop prematurely. There are two gen- 
erations annually. The winter is passed as prepupal larvae in cocoons 
in the ground. The adults emerge and deposit eggs in the leaves some- 
time between the latter part of May and the first half of June, and 
those of the second generation are active between the latter part of 
July and the first part of September. 
Profenusa canadensis (Marlatt), the cherry and hawthorn sawfly 
leaf miner, has been reported as a serious pest of some of the haw- 
thorns and certain varieties of cultivated cherry in New York and 
Massachusetts. Its life cycle and habits are somewhat similar to those 
of Fenusa ulmi. It passes the winter as a prepupal larva in an earthen 
cell in the ground (Parrott and Fulton, 333). 
Scolioneura sp., 2 leaf miner on Lombardy poplar, is occasionally 
abundant locally in parts of New England. Its food plants include 
Lombardy poplar and some of the varieties used for ornamental pur- 
poses. The mined areas in the leaves turn brown late in May and in 
June, and the leaves that are severely mined drop prematur ely. There 
is one generation annually. The adults emerge early in May. The 
larvae are blotch miners in the leaves and are active during the latter 
half of May and the first part of June. The full-grown larvae vacate 
the mines and spin cocoons in the ground in which they pass the 
summer, fall, and winter. 
SUBFAMILY CLADIINAE 
The full-grown larva-of 77ichiocampus viminalis (Fall.) is nearly 
34 Inch in length, the head is black with yellow markings, and the body 
a orange- -yellow and marked on each side with a subdorsal row of 
large, more or less rounded black spots, beneath which is another row 
of smaller spots. It is sparsely clothed with short, white hairs (fig. 
160). This species, of European origin, has been present in the United 
States for more than 50 years. Its known distribution now extends 
from New Jersey through the Northeastern and Northern States into 
eastern Canada and west to British Columbia. Records indicate that 
it feeds on various species of poplar, but in the United States it is 
usually found on Carolina and Lombardy poplars. These trees when 
planted for shade or ornamental purposes are occasionally seriously 
defoliated by this insect. 
There may be two generations, or at least one and a partial second 
generation annually. Adults emerge in May and the first-generation 
larvae usually become full grown late in June or early in July. Adults 
of the next generation may emerge in August, but some may not develop 
and emerge before the following May. The larvae of the second 
generation may be found from late in August until October. The 
winter is passed as prepupal larvae in cocoons in the duff beneath 
the trees. The larvae are generally found in small groups on the 
foliage, and they eat all but the midrib and lar ger veins of the leaves. 
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