INSECT ENEMIES OF EASTERN FORESTS 583 
during the latter half of May and in June. Cocoons are spun in the 
ground in which they pass the winter. Occasionally some individuals 
remain in diapause for one or more years. 
FamMity XYELIDAE 
The family Xyelidae is a small one and, although some 25 species, 
representing 6 genera, have been described from boreal Ameri ica, little 
is known about the biology or habits of most of them. Apparently 
they seldom, if ever, become abundant enough to attract much atten- 
tion. Ayela minor Nort. is present in the Eastern States, and its 
larvae feed on the staminate flowers of pine. JMJegaxyela major 
(Cress.) has been recorded from New York, Kansas, and Texas, where 
the larvae feed on the foliage of hickory and pecan. J. aviingrata 
(Dyar) is found in New York, Indiana, and Illinois. The larvae feed 
on butternut and hickory in May. Macraxyela ferruginea (Say) 
occurs from Maine to Idaho and the larvae feed on elm. 
Famiry PAMPHILIIDAE 
The adults of the Pamphilidae are moderately large with long 
slender antennae; the abdomen is flattened, with sharp lateral mar- 
gins, and the ovipositor of the female is short. Unlike most species 
of sawflies, the females of many in this family deposit their eggs more 
or less exposed. The larvae are medium in size with the body sub- 
cylindrical and shghtly flattened from the ventral aspect. They have 
long, seven-joimted antennae and well-developed thoracic legs, but 
they lack abdominal legs. There is a fleshy protuberance on the venter 
of the eighth abdominal segment. The tenth segment is depressed, 
rounded on the caudal margin, usually setiferous, and always has a 
median hooklike suranal process near the caudal margin, and the sub- 
anal lobe has a pair of setiform, three-segmented conspicuous sub- 
anal appendages. Yuasa (439) included this family in his discussion 
of the group in 1922. The larvae of some species are gregarious. 
Some build nests by webbing together leaves of their food plant, by 
rolling the edge of a leaf, or by spinning silken tubes in which to live. 
The full-grown larva of the pine false webworm (Acantholyda ery- 
throcephala (L.)), an introduced web-making sawfly, is about 34 to 44 
inch in length and pale greenish gray with longitudinal middorsal, 
lateral, and midventral stripes of purplish red. The head is clay- 
yellow, with dense, small spots of dark brown above and with black 
eyes (fie. 169). The prepupa is apple green and the pupa is green 
with black eyes. Griswold (204) gave a short report on this species 
in 1939. Records show that this species is widely distributed in 
Europe and it has also been reported from Chosen and Japan. In the 
United States it was first found in 1925 at Chestnut Hill, Pa., and 
it is now known to occur in parts of Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Con- 
necticut, and New York. Red pine and white pine are the most favored 
food plants of the larvae, but they also feed on Scotch, mugho, Swiss 
mountain, Japanese red, and Austrian pines. In recent years they 
have severely defoliated some red pine and some white pine trees in 
New Jersey. Griswold found one generation annually in New Jer- 
sey, where the adults emer ge from their earthen cells from the middle 
of April until early in May, and the females usually lay their eggs 
