INSECT ENEMIES OF EASTERN FORESTS 609 
(Hylurgopinus rufipes) in the Northeast. Kaston (267) noted that 
it was particularly abundant in Connecticut in 1935 and 1936 but had 
been reported only occasionally since then. The number of para- 
sitized larvae in one family seldom exceeded 25 percent and was more 
commonly 5 to 10 percent, and that only in certain localities. The 
adult is a delicate insect, about 1 inch long, reddish brown with 
darker abdomen, and the wings have two dusky bands. Probably 
two generations develop annually. The winter is spent as a prepupa 
in a brownish papery cocoon (fig. 187, 4). In the spring the adult 
emerges by cutting a circular hole through the bark. Oviposition 
probably takes place through the bark. The host larvae are paralyzed, 
and the parasite feeds externally. 
Rogas unicolor (Wesm.) is a parasite of minor importance on the 
satin moth in Europe. Several shipments of cocoons were sent to this 
country from Hungary in 1933 and 1934, and adults were colonized 
in New England and Washington. The species has not yet been 
recovered. The adults are about 14 inch long and uniformly brown- 
ish yellow. One generation is completed each year. The winter is 
passed as a first instar within the hibernating host larva. Develop- 
ment proceeds slowly in the spring, and the parasite becomes full 
grown when the host larva is in the penultimate instar (Dowden, 
136). Host larvae that are parasitized by R. unicolor are consider- 
ably retarded in growth, and just before the parasite becomes full 
grown the host larva spins a dense, white web. The parasite cocoon 
is formed inside the skin of the host larva. Adults emerge the last 
of June and attack the small hibernating satin moth larvae. Females 
are produced in parthenogenesis and practically all reproduction pro- 
ceeds without mating, although an occasional male appears. 
SuprerramMity CHALCIDOIDEA 
CHALCID-FLIES 
The superfamily Chalcidoidea contains a larger number of species 
than any other superfamily of the order. Many of the species are 
very small insects and some are minute, measuring not more than 14 
millimeter in length. The antennae are elbowed, the pronotum does 
not extend back to the tegulae, the trochanters are two-jointed, the 
fore wings lack a stigma and closed cells, and the ovipositor issues 
some distance before the apex of the abdomen. Ashmead (7) grouped 
them into 14 families. 
The chalcid-flies are exceedingly important from an economic stand- 
point. Most of the species are parasites or hyperparasites of other 
insects, and they are of even greater importance than the Ichneumo- 
noidea in the natural control of noxious insects. The orders most 
commonly parasitized are the Lepidoptera, Hemiptera-Homoptera, 
Coleoptera, and Diptera. A few species are phytophagous and, since 
these forms are found in several different families and some of them 
cause rather serious damage to the seeds of forest trees, they are sepa- 
