INSECT ENEMIES OF EASTERN FORESTS 613 
The planidium then finds its way to the exterior of its host, where it 
feeds as an ectoparasite in the normal way. Hibernation depends on 
the host parasitized. If the primary parasite does not pupate until 
spring, the winter is spent as a planidium inside the body cavity. If 
the parasite pupates in the fall, the Pertlampus apparently overwin- 
ters as a planidium on the outside of the pupa, where it begins ta 
feed as soon as the weather becomes warm. One or more generations 
develop during a year, depending on the host parasitized. 
Famity EUCHARIDAE 
The family Eucharidae is a small group closely allied to the Peri- 
lampidae. The adults are characterized by the configuration of the 
scutellum, which is frequently produced backward in the form of pow- 
erful spines. So far as known, they are parasites of ants and are 
found mainly in the tropics. As in the Perilampidae, the first instar 
is a planidium, and various places are selected by females of different 
species for egg deposition. Wheeler (430) wrote on the life history 
of the genus Orasema, which is parasitic principally on a harvesting 
ant, Pheidole instabilis Emery, but also occurs not uncommonly on 
representatives of other ant genera in the Southwestern States and 
Mexico. Clausen (94) made the most complete observations on a 
member of this group in his study of Stilbula tenuicornis (Ashm.), 
which parasitizes Camponotus herculeanus japonicus Mayr, the Jap- 
anese carpenter ant. This parasite lays large numbers of minute eggs 
within the buds of certain trees, and upon emergence the planidia at- 
tach themselves to Camponotus workers. The planidia are thus car- 
ried into the nest, where they attach themselves to ant larvae and feed 
externally. After the host has pupated the parasite larva, now in 
the second instar, reattaches itself on the metathorax of the host and 
finally pupates within the host’s cocoon, 
Faminy ENCYRTIDAE 
The Encyrtidae is a very extensive family. Although the Hemip- 
tera-Homoptera and Lepidoptera are most frequently parasitized, 
practically all orders of insects are attacked. Certain genera have a 
wide range of hosts, whereas others are definitely restricted in the 
forms parasitized. 
Ooencyrtus kuvanae (How.), an egg parasite of the gypsy moth 
(Porthetria dispar), was introduced into the United States from 
Japan, and is an important enemy of this pest in parts of southern 
New England. Its periods of abundance have been very irregular, 
however, and the areas in which it has been plentiful have been scat- 
tered. The adult is a minute black insect about 1 mm. long. The 
fertilized female overwinters as an adult, but there is a heavy winter 
mortality. Those that hibernate successfully become active during 
April and oviposit in the overwintering eggs of the host. There may 
be one or two spring generations. 
-Adults are ready to oviposit as soon as the new gypsy moth eggs are 
laid in July, and late in the summer and early in the fali only 21 days 
are required for development from egg to adult. Females deposit 
their eggs within the host eggs, and if the host embryo is developed, 
as is usually the case, the parasite egg is placed within the body of the 
