614 MISC. PUBLICATION 657, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 
gypsy moth larva. The parasite egg has a long stalk, which remains 
attached to the host egg at the point of insertion. The parasite larva 
does not entirely leave the chorion at the time of hatching. but remains 
with its posterior end thrust into it, and a funnel-shaped shield de- 
velops surrounding the posterior segments of the larva during its 
early stages of development. Pupation takes place within the “host 
egg, and the adult Ooencyrtus emerges after cutting a roughly circular 
exit hole. From four to five generations develop annually in New 
England. 
Habrolepis dalmani (Westw.) is a parasite of Asterolecanium vario- 
losum Ratz., the golden oak scale. At times the parasite is fairly 
common in New England, but its occurrence and importance vary con- 
siderably, and it is not considered an important factor in the natural 
control of this pest. From 1923 to 1928, small shipments of the para- 
site were sent from Massachusetts to New Zealand where the scale 
frequently caused extensive injury to the English or golden oak 
(Quercus pedunculata Ehr.). The parasite was definitely ‘established 
by 1925, and is now controlling the scale effectively in that country. 
The adult is about 1 mm. long, metallic blue and green, with wings 
heavily clouded by fuscous markings. The female « oviposits directly 
in the scale insect, and the egg has a stalk, which remains attached to 
the body wall of the host at ‘the point of insertion. The early larval 
instars remain attached to this stalk through the development of a 
chitinized funnel surrounding the posterior “sezments of the parasite 
larva. The winter is spent in this stage. Development i is completed 
in the spring, and the adult insect emerges by cutting a circular hole 
through the test covering the scale. 
Copidosoma nanella Silv. is a parasite of a number of needle miners 
in the Northeastern States. Among others it attacks Recurvaria 
nanellae, Epinotia nanana, and Lxoteleia pinifoliella. The adults 
are minute insects measuring less than 1 mm. long, black, with yellow 
markings on the legs. The biology of the species is particularly inter- 
esting, for, like that of a number of closely allied species, it is charac- 
terized by polyembryonic reproduction (Silvestri, 377). A single 
egg is laid in the egg of the host, but the larva of the latter emer ges in 
the normal manner. Embryonic fission takes place in the body cavity 
of the host larva. Up to 11 normal parasitic larvae complete devel- 
opment in the spring of the following year, forming parchmentlike 
cocoons in the mummified host larva. In other species of Copidosoma 
that attack larger host larvae, hundreds of adults often develop in 
this manner from a single egg. 
Famiry EUPELMIDAE 
Members of the Eupelmidae parasitize a wide range of insects, in- 
cluding the Rhyncophora, Diptera, Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera, and 
Coccidae. Many are hyperparasites, and certain ones belonging to 
the tribe Tanaostigmini are phytophagous. 
Anastatus disparis Ruschka (fig. 188) is an egg parasite of the 
gypsy moth. It was introduced into New England from Europe in 
1908 and quickly became established in this country. The females 
jump short distances, but they do not fly, so natural dispersion pro- 
ceeded very slowly. Between 1908 and 1927 large numbers of egg 
masses were collected in the colonized areas, and the parasitized eggs 
