INSECT ENEMIES OF EASTERN FORESTS 629 
dopterous larvae, and before pupating most of them spin cocoons. 
The females are often apterous and different in appearance from the 
males, therefore the sexes are not easily correlated. Apparently few 
species are parasites of forest insects, but Cushman (725) recorded in 
1927 rearing small numbers of Goniozus longiceps Kieffer from pine 
tip moth larvae from Louisiana. He considered the species probably 
gregarious on full-grown or nearly full-grown larvae. 
Famity CHRYSIDIDAE 
Members of the family Chrysididae are beautiful insects, usually 
a brilliant metallic green. They are known as cuckoo wasps, for most 
species lay their eggs in the cells of solitary bees and wasps, and the 
chrysidid larvae either feed on the rightful occupants of the nests or 
occasionally eat the food provided for the host larva. One species, 
Chrysis shanghaiensis Smith, is a parasite of the oriental moth (Cnz- 
docampa flavescens) in Japan. It has been liberated against this pest 
in the vicinity of Boston, Mass., but has not become established in this 
country. Parker (326), writing on the biology of C. shanghaiensis in 
1936, stated that the female parasite chewed a hole in the oriental 
moth cocoon, laid an external egg on the host larva, and then sealed 
up the hole. The parasite larva fed externally, and, when feeding 
was completed, spun a cocoon within which it hibernated. One gen- 
eration was completed during the year. Species of the genus Cleptes 
are exceptional in that they parasitize Tenthredinidae. 
Famity VESPIDAE 
SuBFAMILY EUMENINAE 
The members of the subfamily Eumeninae differ from the Vespinae 
in being true solitary wasps. ‘They exhibit many variations in their 
nest-building habits. Certain species dig tunnels in the ground, oth- 
ers construct oval or globular vaselike nests of mud or clay fastened 
to twigs or other objects, while others construct tubular nests In wood 
or stems, partitioning the tunnels into cells divided by mud walls. 
The species are predaceous on small lepidopterous larvae or, more 
rarely, on larvae of the family Tenthredinidae, and for this reason 
are of economic importance. They paralyze their prey and store it 
in the cells of the nest to provide food for their offspring. 
SUBFAMILY VESPINAE 
The subfamily Vespinae includes those wasps commonly known as 
hornets and yellow jackets. They live in communities and build two 
different types of nests. The nest built by hornets is roughly spherical 
or urn-shaped, and is formed of grayish paper made from fibers of 
weather-worn but not decayed wood. These nests are familiar ob- 
jects attached to bushes, trees, or the eaves of buildings. They inclose 
a series of horizontal combs, suspended one below the other, in which 
the brood is developed. Large nests may contain as many as 5,000 
individuals toward the end of the summer. The other type of nest is 
built by yellow jackets (fig. 193) in a hole in the ground, in a stump, 
or under some object, and is enlarged by the wasps as they need more 
room. The paper forming the nest is made of partly decayed wood, 
