WHITE PINES OF EUROPE 107 



Jamnicky, 1963). Only Larix decidua reaches a similar altitude, but 

 doesn't form closed stands as is partially done by P. cembra (Tranquillini 

 1956, 1964; Stern, 1966; Holtmeier, 1969; Piskun, 1964). 



Similarly P. peuce forms the upper tree line of the mountains of the 

 Balkan peninsula' and protects man and the land (Adamovic, 1909). 



RESULTS OF ARTIFICIAL PLANTINGS OF WHITE PINES IN EUROPE 



As indicated in the introduction only limited plantations of white 

 pines exist in Europe, most of them being of P. pence and P. cembra. 

 P. zeuce has the reputation of being a good tree for plantations in 

 central Europe. At many places small stands were planted. But few 

 foresters are satisfied, especially by the slow juvenile growth (ThUmmler, 

 1962) . Schenck (1959) reports that the yield of P. peuce amounts to 

 only about 2/5 that of the blister rust-devastated P. strobus. Planta- 

 tions of P. peuoe on slopes in West Germany reach the height of 20-year- 

 old P. strobus not earlier than at 50 years age. At the forest garden 

 of Vienna P. peuoe was planted in a mixture with P. strobus. At 52 years 

 age the P. strobus had all died, probably from blister rust, but the 

 P. peuce was growing quite well (Mayer, 1965, Fig. 1). The growth form 

 is pleasing and it is resistant enough against winter injury so that 

 this tree is recommended for smaller gardens (Schenck, 1939) . 



P. cembra is planted at several places in Europe; most of them are 

 with P. sibirica in northern Europe (Scandinavia and Russia; Stefansson, 

 1955; Ivanova, 1963; Orlov and Tarabrin, 1959). Many plantations were 

 established at times of famine, about 200 years ago, because the seeds 

 were needed for food. Later, many plantations of P. sibirica were 

 established because with age they outgrew P. cerrhva (Tomarewskij , 1957). 

 King Charles the Great, who lived in the ninth century, set this tree aside 

 as a fruit tree and nobody was allowed to fell it. In England Finns 

 cembra is planted at many places, but it is not recommended for forestry 

 (Dallimore and Jackson, 1954). Another plantation, now 50 years old, was 

 made in Yugoslavia (Silic, 1960) . But growth is slow everywhere and so 

 far no useful forest stands exist from plantations. P. cembra and Pinus 

 aristata Engelm. have been planted in Iceland since 1899, with good 

 success (Bjarnason, 1965). 



Small stands of P. monticola Dougl . are reported by MacDonald et at. 

 (1957) in Great Britain, and by Schenck (1951/52) from 4 places in Germany. 

 The first authors reported two fast-growing trees, that grew 60 feet high 

 within 21 years; another stand reached 50 feet in height and 27.5 inches 

 girth within 32 years (see Fig. 1). Schenck (1951/52) reported 4 groups 

 of ?. monticola in Germany; their height was 6 to 9 m at an age of 20 to 

 23 years and their diameter varied between 7 and 27 cm. Susceptibility 

 to blister rust was reported as variable. 



Schenck (1939) made a report about all foreign trees in Germany. In 

 it no other white pine is reported to be planted there except in botanical 

 gardens. Most introduced white pines are resistant enough against winter 

 injury, but the blister rust resistant species represented {Pinus aristata 

 Engelm., Pinus balfouriana Grev. and Balf . , Pinus koraiensis Sieb. 5 luce, 

 and Pinus parviflora Sieb. £ Zucc.) all come from mountainous, high- 

 elevation areas and are no faster growing than the native European white 

 pines (Schenck, 1939). 



