WHTTF PINES r T ^P-W 



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Figure -. Pinus pumila growing near a windy ridgetop on 

 Mt . Ochiai-dake in the central part of Hokkaido. 



PINUS KORAIENSIS SIEB. & ZUCC. 



The natural distribution of ?. koraiensis in Japan is limited to the 

 mountains of central Honshu, with one ontlier in northern Shikoku. Its 

 northern limit is in Fukushima Prefecture (3"7°N. latitude), and, aside 

 from the Shikoku outlier, its southern limit is only about 250 km away 

 in Nagano Prefecture [35-l/2°N. latitude). 



The climate over the range of P. koratensis is cool. The average 

 minimum temperature is about -11 to -13°C (12.2 to 8.6°F) in the northern 

 part and the maximum is 2"°C (80. 6° F) in southern part. At the highest 

 part of the range (2600 m elevation) , the average minimum temperature is 

 about -20°C (-4°F) . Annual precipitation is about 1000 to 2000 mm. This 

 is somewhat greater than that holding for the main distribution of the 

 species in Korea, Manchuria, and China where the annual precipitation is 

 about 600 to 1000 mm. 



Moderately moist soils are required for P. koraiensis , as foi P. 

 strobus . Japanese ?. kovaiensis grows best under conditions of high 

 relative humidity, and, under these conditions, the stems and branches 

 often are covered by mosses and lichens. Soils within the Japanese range 

 of P. koTcdensts are derived from horn-stones, sand-stones, andesites and 

 clay-stones. The species grows mainly on the lower slopes and on the 

 wetter and deeper soils. Occasionally, when found in high rocky mountain^ 

 it occurs in a dwarf form. 



