THE SCALE INSECT GENUS ASTEROLECANIUM 9 



Group II {boliviae, bondari, degeneratum, difficile, distinctwm,, gil- 



vum, hilli, inlabefactum, inusitatum, oramae, pallidum, palmae, 

 phoenicis, pinnangae, sabalis, simile, singulare, spectdbUe, frunc- 

 atum, umeum, uriehi). — Known to occur only on Palmae. Repre- 

 sentatives of the group are found in the Neotropical, Ethiopian, 

 Palearctic, Oriental, and Australian Regions. Although the major- 

 ity of species appear indigenous to the Neotropical Region, several 

 are probably native to the Oriental, and one may be indigenous to 

 the Australian Region. The native homes of the species known from 

 the Ethiopian and Palearctic Regions are uncertain. 



Adult female characterized by body being longer than wide, usually with 

 marginal row of 8-shaped pores interrupted, or terminating at a considerable 

 distance from bases of apical setae ; anal opening simple, circular, without anal 

 ring or setae, or anal opening circular or elliptical with anal ring modified 

 into a plate or into 2 collars, without any setae or with 2 or 4 ; spiracular 

 atrium usually enlarged and containing pores. Larva usually characterized by 

 presence of a minute seta near each pore of the posterior 3 pairs of marginal 

 8-shaped pores, terminal antennal segment with 3 long setae, femur with 1 

 seta, and tarsus with 2 setae. 



Group III (adjunctum, helium, castaneae, horishae, ilicicola, ja- 



ponicum, luteolum, minus, nitidum, pasoMiae, perplexum, quercicola, 

 repugnam, roboris, semisepidtum. skanianae, suishae, variahile, 

 variolosum, viennae). — Known to occur only on Fagaceae. Some of 

 these species are now found in each of the six major zoogeographical 

 regions. Originally they were probably restricted to the Palearctic 

 Region, or to this and the Oriental Region. 



Adult female characterized by body usually being somewhat circular; 3 or 

 fewer pairs of setae on apex of abdomen ; anal opening ventral, fairly close 

 to body margin ; presence of multilocular pores ; margin of anal opening with 

 2 setae or with none. Larva with anterior margin of body provided with 2 

 pairs of setae ; first and fourth antennal segments each with 1 seta, fifth with 

 none, sixth with 2 long, 2 stout, usually 2 fairly stout, and 2 slender setae: 

 coxa with 3. femur with 1, tarsus with 2 setae; 3 or fewer pairs of setae on 

 apex of abdomen, margin of anal opening or anal ring without any or with 

 2 setae. 



Group IV (algeriense, arabidis, ftmbriafrwm, launeae, nevadense, 

 stentae, zanthenes). — All these species are probably indigenous to 

 the Palearctic Region, although arabidis apparently has been intro- 

 duced into and is now established in the Nearctic Region, and 

 stentae is known to occur only in the Ethiopian Region. 



Adult female characterized by a double or triple row of marginal 8-shaped 

 pores; submarginal 8-shaped pores in a row 2 to 4 or (! pores wide: a marginal 

 row of disk pores dorsad and ventrad of 8-shaped pores; 6 pairs of setae on 

 apex of abdomen, absence of elongate sclerotized areas from ventral surface 

 of apex of abdomen. Larva with first antennal segment provided with 2 

 setae, fourth with 1, fifth with 1. sixth with 2 long, 2 stout, and 3 fairly stout 

 petae ; coxa with 4, femur with 3. and tarsus with 3 setae: less than pairs 

 of submarginal 8-shaped pores. 



Group V {hrachyh na<\ thespesiae). — Although brachylena* is 

 known to occur only in the Ethiopian and thespesiae in the Oriental 

 Region, they are so similar structurally that their natural distribu- 

 tion may include only one region. On the basis of their relationship 

 to other members of the genus, they appear indigenous to the Oriental 

 Region. 



Adult female characterized by a double row of marginal and submarginal 

 8-shaped pores, a marginal row of disk pores dorsad and ventrad of 8-shaped 

 pores. 6 pairs of setae on apex of abdomen, and 2 elongate sclerotized areas 



