6 MISC. PUBLICATION 4 2 4, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 



Male nymph. — Enclosed in tost formed by third-stage male; elongate; derm 

 mostly membranous; antenna either 9- or 10-segmented ; wing pads usually ap- 

 parent; legs 5-segmented; abdominal setae as in adult male; penis sheath short, 

 somewhat triangular: penis small, tongue-shaped. 



Third-stagi male. — Enclosed in a rather glassy test; somewhat elliptical; with- 

 out dorsal tubes, genital opening, or multilocular pores; legs represented by 3 

 pairs of raised sclerotized areas: exhibiting other morphological characters found 

 in adult females. 



CHARACTERS USED IX THE CLASSIFICATION AND 

 THEIR TERMINOLOGY 



Structural characters of diagnostic value are fairly numerous in 

 Asterolecanium, and the majority of these structures are illustrated in 

 diagrammatic form in figure 1. All structures of primary taxonomic 

 importance, which are actually presenl in a species, are discussed in the 

 individual descriptions, and character- of secondary importance, if 

 not noted in the text. are shown in the illustrations. On this account 

 no attempt is made to discuss these characters in detail at this point. 

 Users of the publication will find it to their advantage, however, to 

 study figure 1 carefully and acquaint themselves with the structures 

 there depicted and the term- applied to them. 



In general the terms used in this publication are in current use in 

 coccid literature. One previously unnoted structure is named, how- 

 ever, a few term- are restricted in their usage, and some descriptive 

 words are added to known terms in order to as-ist in the location or 

 differentiation of certain -tincture-. A pair of tubelike structures 

 found dorsally. near the posterior end of the body of some adult fe- 

 males, is here designated as <l<>rs<i! tubes. Disk pores refer only to 

 minute, clear, nonloculate port--. Submargincd S-shaped pores are 

 minute, are Located yen! rally, and extend around the body in a definite 

 row. There are other minute 8-shaped pores on the ventral surface 

 of the body, and these are called dark-rimmed S-shaped pore*. The 

 latter are usually readily distinguishable from the submarginal 8- 

 shaped pores by their structure and position. They are slightly in- 

 vaginated, and the rim- appear wry dark after staining. Moreover, 

 these pores are usually situated in a group each side of the beak, and 

 may be scattered elsewhere or arranged in fairly definite rows. The 

 term "interrupted" indicate- a break in a row of pores or setae, and the 

 term "complete" denotes that a row of pores or setae is not interrupted. 



Although characters of diagnostic value are treated rather fully in 

 the species descriptions, there are some omissions which should be kept 

 in mind. First, the discussion usually is limited to the characters that 

 are present, the absence of structures being noted only in particular 

 cases; since the marginal disk pores of adults and the dorsal disk pores 

 of the larvae usually are in single rows, their singleness is not men- 

 tioned, though their presence is noted, and certain characteristics of 

 some structures, although significant, are not discussed because they 

 are shown satisfactorily in the illustrations. Included in the last cat- 

 egory are the position of the antennae, the shape of the apical notch 

 (when present), and the shape and position of the anal tube and anal 

 opening in species having G setae on the anal ring. 



Quantitative data concerning structures which vary in size or num- 

 ber within a species, such as the size of specimen-, pore-, and setae and 

 the number of spiracular atid multilocular pores of adults, are pre- 



