82. Johnston, H. G. The impact of insec- 

 ticidal resistance upon the use and develop- 

 ment of insecticides for cotton pests. Ent. 

 Soc. Amer. Misc. Pub. v.2, pp. 41-44. 1960-61. 



Intensive and widespread use of certain or- 

 ganic insecticides for cotton pest control re- 

 sulted in the rapid development of resistance 

 to these chemicals. By 1958, 12 species of in- 

 sects and spider mites were known to be resist- 

 ant and four others were strongly suspected. 

 Resistant boll weevils were more widespread 

 than any of the other species. 



Boll weevil resistance to chlorinated hydro- 

 carbons was first recognized in Louisiana in 

 1955, and it is more widespread in that State 

 than in any other. Sixty-five percent or more 

 of the total cotton acreage in the State is now 

 infested with weevils showing varying levels 

 of resistance. Annual reports of insecticides sold 

 in Louisiana show that in 1954 98 percent of all 

 insecticides used for boll weevil control were 

 chlorinated hydrocarbons but that by 1958 

 only 34 percent of the total sold was of this 

 type. Organophosphorus insecticides were not 

 available for boll weevil control until 1956, but 

 they accounted for 20 percent of the total that 

 year and for 55 percent in each of the next 2 

 years. 



On a short-range basis, cotton pest resist- 

 ance is being handled satisfactorily by chang- 

 ing to alternate chemicals with different modes 

 of action. However, if cotton pests develop re- 

 sistance to alternate chemicals, then this can- 

 not be the answer to the long-range problem. 



83. Jones, J. E., and Tipton, K. W. Breed- 

 ing cotton for resistance to major diseases and 

 insects. La. Agr. Expt. Sta. Rpt. Proj., Dept. 

 Agron. 1963, pp. 65-75. 1964. 



Results of field experiments conducted over 

 4 consecutive years indicate that Empire Red 

 and Stoneville Frego cotton biotypes possess 

 an important degree of nonpreference by the 

 boll weevil. Red-Frego biotype averaged sig- 

 nificantly less squares with egg punctures in 2 

 years of testing than its parent strains Empire 

 Red and Stoneville Frego. 



84. Keller, J. C, and Davich, T. B. Re- 

 sponse of five species of insects to water ex- 

 tracts of their host plants. Jour. Econ. Ent. 

 58: 164-165. 1965. 



In laboratory tests five species of insects 

 (including the boll weevil) fed extensively on 

 the extracts of their preferred hosts and failed 

 to feed or fed very little on extracts from other 

 plants or the agar water blanks. 



85. Keller, J. C, and others. Extraction 

 of a boll weevil attractant from the atmo- 

 sphere surrounding growing cotton. Jour. 

 Econ. Ent. 58: 588-589. 1965. 



T. B. Davich, F. G. Maxwell, J. N. Jenkins, 

 E. B. Mitchell, and P. Huddleston, joint au- 

 thors. 



The boll weevil attractant in the cotton plant 

 was extracted from air drawn over cotton 

 grown both under a polyethylene canopy and 

 in a plastic greenhouse. Trapping was accom- 

 plished by activated charcoal and by bubbling 

 through methanol at the temperature of frozen 

 C0 2 . 



86. Keller, J. C., Maxwell, F. G., and 

 Jenkins, J. N. Cotton extracts as arrestants 

 and feeding stimulants for the boll weevil. 

 Jour. Econ. Ent. 55: 800-801. 1962. 



Debracted cotton squares were extracted 

 with organic solvents. Little if any of the ar- 

 restant appeared to be extracted. Weevils fed 

 readily on organic-solvent-extracted squares 

 but failed to feed on water-extracted squares. 



Water extract from debracted cotton squares 

 was found to elicit an arresting or feeding re- 

 sponse, or both, in the boll weevil. After 15 to 

 24 hours' exposure to weevils, moderate to ex- 

 tensive feeding damage was found on corks, 

 green snap beans, pinto bean seedlings, and 

 agar plugs treated with the extract, but con- 

 trols had none. Traps containing distilled water 

 caught as many weevils as traps containing the 

 extract; therefore, the substance or substances 

 appeared to be an arrestant or feeding stimu- 

 lant, or both, rather than an attractant. 



87. Keller, J. C., and others. Boll weevil 

 attractant from cotton. Jour. Econ. Ent. 56: 

 110-111. 1063. 



F. G. Maxwell, J. N. Jenkins, and T. B. 

 Davich, joint authors. 



Chloroform extract of water from a de- 

 frosted freeze-drying apparatus used for dry- 

 ing homogenized cotton-plant parts attracted 

 10 times more boll weevils than checks with 

 solvent only. Erlenmeyer flasks with funnels 

 were used as traps. Agar plugs wrapped with 

 filter paper and treated with the attractant, 

 attractant and a boll weevil arrestant at a 1:1 

 ratio, arrestant only, and distilled water were 

 compared. The first two were equally attrac- 

 tive, about 10 times more attractive than the 

 plugs containing the arrestant alone, and about 

 20 times more attractive than control plugs. 

 The arrestant-attractant plugs were more ex- 

 tensively damaged than plugs with the attract- 

 ant or arrestant alone. 



88. Keller, J. C, and others. A sex at- 

 tractant for female boll weevils from males. 

 Jour. Econ. Ent. 57: 609-610. 1964. 



E. B. Mitchell, G. McKibben, and T. B. 

 Davich, joint authors. 



Air surrounding several thousand males was 

 pumped for 11 weeks through an activated 

 charcoal filter. Chloroform extracts of the 

 charcoal attracted 31.2 percent of the females 

 under test to glass traps in 1 hour. Males failed 

 to respond to the extract. 



89. Knipling, E. F. Potential role of the 

 sterility method for insect population control 



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