1918 - Beal, F. E. I., W. L. McAtee, and E. R„ Kalmbach. Common birds of south- 

 eastern United States in relation to agriculture. Farmers' B. 755, 43 p. Issued 

 Oct. 1916, Rev. July. 



Sixty- six species of birds known to prey on the boll weevil are described; 

 page 4 lists them. 



1927 - Krafka, J., and J. E. Miller. Notes on a new fungus of the boll weevil. Ohio Ent. 

 Soc. Amer. Ann. 19(4):464. Columbus. 



Resting sporangia of fungus (Pseudolpidium sp„?) of the family Chytridiales 

 were found in the alimentary tract of a dead boll weevil. 



1929 - Fenton, F. A., and E. W. Dunnam. Biology of the cotton boll weevil at Florence, 

 S. C. U. S. D. A. Tech. B. 112, 75 p. 



The mortality of immature stages of A. grandis caused by parasites was 

 29.56% in hanging squares and 6.75% in fallen squares in 1925 and 22.7% and 

 7.84% in 1926, but the greatest mortality in fallen squares was caused by heat 

 (41% and 26%). 



1929 - Grossman, E. F. Control of the cotton boll weevil by insect enemies. Science 



69(1787):362. Mar. 29. 



It is a significant fact that the boll weevil has some 55 insect enemies, in- 

 cluding parasites and predators, but of still greater significance is the fact that 

 these enemies are all native species which were present in the cotton belt before 

 the weevil arrived. The boll weevil is attacked by 29 native species of parasites, 

 20 native species of predators which attack the immature stages, and 6 native 

 species of predators which attack the adults. These particular insects have a 

 large number of native hosts (52 other weevils which in turn attack 91 other 

 species of plants) and are to be found in great abundance in the neighborhood of 

 cotton fields. 



Effect of chemical control on parasites and predators: In 1 3 untreated 

 fields examined in 1926, of a total of 7,046 punctured bolls examined, 1,883 

 weevils hatched (25.3%) and 399 parasites hatched (5.4%). In 3 treated fields, 

 of a total of 1,405 punctured bolls, 670 weevils hatched (48.7%) and 8 parasites 

 hatched (0.6%). 



1930 - Miller, J. H., and G. F. Crisfield. The presence in Georgia of Bracon mellitor , 



Say., a parasite of the cotton boll weevil. J. Econ. Ent. 23(3):607-608. 



Microbracon ( Bracon ) mellitor , Say., which has been recorded as occurring 

 extensively in Texas and Oklahoma, having the same distribution as the cotton 

 boll weevil appeared in 1929 in cotton fields in all investigated parts of Georgia. 

 When placed in contact with bolls and squares, the female repeatedly attempted 

 to penetrate them with its ovipositor, but was unsuccessful except where it en- 

 countered the weevil puncture. An egg is deposited in the cavity beside the weevil 

 larva, and the Braconid larva feeds on the latter. 



1931 - Grossman, E. F. Insect enemies of the cotton boll weevil. Fla. Ent. 15(1) :8- 10. 



Investigations in cotton fields in Florida, Georgia, and Alabama, to deter- 

 mine the abundance of insect enemies of Anthonomus grandis Boh., show that the 

 total number of parasites that emerged from 8,451 bolls collected in 1927 was 

 387, as against 47 from 11,559 bolls collected in 1930. The percentages of 

 squares infested by the boll weevil during the 2 years were 29% and 13.9%, 

 respectively. The yield of the crop, however, was practically the same in both 

 years and ranged from l/4 to 3/4 bales to the acre. 



1933 - Marlatt, C. F. Report of the Chief of the Bureau of Entomology, 1933. Wash., 

 D. C. 



Parasitism in Louisiana in 1932 averaged a maximum of less than 10%, of 

 which 90% was due to M. mellitor. Other species reared were the Pteromalids, 

 Catolaccus incertus Ashm., and C. hunter i Cwfd., Eurytoma tylodermatis Ashm., 

 and Eupelmus cyaniceps Ashm. 



103 



