1951 - Gaines, J. C. Beneficial insects' role in cotton insect control. Acco Press, 

 p. 22-24. Mar. 



Since the boll weevil egg is deposited inside the square and the grub de- 

 velops in a protected environment unexposed to the common predators and 

 parasites, the limiting factors to their development are largely environmental. 

 Beneficial insects have not proven so helpful in the control of the weevil as 

 in the case of the other pests. 



1954 - Gaines, R. C. Effect on beneficial insects of several insecticides applied for 

 cotton insect control. J. Econ. Ent. 47(3):543-544. 



Single applications of the following formulations: 1. dieldrin (1.5%) and 

 DDT (5%) and sulphur (40%), 2. toxaphene (20%) and sulphur (40%), 3. BHC 

 (gamma 3%) and DDT (5%) and sulphur (40%), and 4. BHC (gamma 3%) and 

 DDT (5%) and sulphur (40%) and calcium arsenate made on July 7 greatly reduced 

 the beneficial insect populations. There was a considerable buildup before the 

 next application was required 3 weeks later, on July 28. After the second to 

 fourth application had been made in the regular boll weevil poisoning program, 

 beneficial insect and spider populations were practically eliminated. Beneficial 

 insects included lady beetles, flower bugs, lacewing, Geocoris , assassin bugs, 

 spiders, and syrphids. 



1954 - Glick, P. A., and W. B. Lattimore, Jr. The relation of insecticides to insect 



populations in cotton fields. J. Econ. Ent. 47(4):681 -684. 



The total population of insects and spiders occurring in experimental cotton 

 fields near Waco, Tex., in 1949 was studied in relation to the use of various in- 

 secticide treatments for the control of cotton insects. In general, early applica- 

 tions permitted a greater survival or increase of beneficial forms than later 

 application, while at the same time causing a great reduction in injurious forms. 



Toxaphene- sulfur dust applied after 2 early season toxaphene- DDT sprays 

 gave the lowest population of injurious insects and the highest population of 

 beneficial insects. 



1955 - Gaines, R. C. Effect on beneficial insects of three insecticide mixtures applied 



for cotton-insect control in 1954. J. Econ. Ent. 48(4):477-78. 



Eight applications were made with 3 dust mixtures--toxaphene plus sulfur, 

 dieldrin plus DDT and sulfur, and BHC plus DDT and sulfur. The results show 

 that after the third application, the beneficial insect and spider populations were 

 practically eliminated from the field. 



1956 - Clausen, C. P. Biological control of insect pests. U. S. D. A. Tech. B. 1139:51. 



June. 



A short article on the attempt to introduce Ectatoma tuberculatom (Oliv.) 

 in 1904 and Bracon vestiticida (Vier.) and Triaspis vestiticida (Vier.) in 1941. 



1957 - Walker, J. K., Jr. A biological study of Collops balteatus Lee. and Collops 



vittatus (Say). J. Econ. Ent. 50(4):395-399. 



Collops balteatus - -Many species of insects were submitted to the larvae for 

 food. In general, they fed on all pupae, insect eggs, and freshly filled adult in- 

 sects. The pupae of the boll weevil and the pink bollworm ( Pectinophora 

 gossypiella Saund.); dead leaf beetles, lady beetles, moths, and grasshoppers; and 

 the eggs of lady beetles, all were readily eaten by balteatus . 



The larvae of the pink bollworm and boll weevil were confined with the 

 developing collops . After an initial feeding attack, which would consist of the 

 beetle larvae gnawing a hole in the body wall of the prey, the Collops would 

 withdraw. This behavior was also exhibited when other larvae were submitted to 

 the beetle larvae. 



106 



