Scientific and other notes on essential oils. 53 



From 8 to 15 okas of petals of the *red Kazanlik rose are necessary to produce 

 1 miskal of oil, or 1670 to 3120 okas for 1 kilo. As per informations supplied by 

 some rose oil dealers and manufacturers, the expenses with the present method of 

 distilling, including interests, sinking-fund and keeping the rather primitive apparatus 

 in good repair come to about 5 to 7 1 /* piasters per miskal, representing therefore the 

 considerable amount of 1040 to 1560 piasters per kilo. The net costs of production 

 for 1 kilo of rose oil on the spot would therefore have to be calculated approximately 

 as follows: — 



1670 to 3120 okas of petals at 1 to l 1 /* piaster = 1670 to 3745 piasters 



expenses for production . = 1040 „ 1560 „ 



together 2710 to 5305 piasters. 



We will here leave apart the accessory profit made through the sale of the rose 

 water. The prices named tally fairly well with the indications given me by Burdur 

 rose oil merchants, who may, however, quite naturally have estimated rather high, 

 according to which it would be possible to produce 1 miskal of rose oil for 16 piastres 

 (i. e. 1 kilo for 3330 piasters) under normal conditions and with the present methods 

 of manufacture. 



As is to be seen, the "manufacturing expenses" come up to nearly 40 per cent, 

 of the initial cost of the oil and are largely due to the expensive fire-wood. They could be 

 reduced very considerably through modern apparatus for steam distillation and heating 

 with coal, which would likewise increase the yield in oil. Coals could be procured 

 easily and cheaply, especially for the present chief rose district Burdur and Isparta, 

 as there are important coal-beds in the neighbourhood, along the Ai'din railway line. 

 In several other places of the country, there are also coal-mines, which are being 

 busily worked now, as imported coal is scarcely to be had any more. The coal, a 

 kind of lignite, is of indifferent quality, it is true, but during the war it has found 

 extensive use in the country, even for railways and steamers. Care being taken to 

 improve the combustion by special ventilation appliances, one now uses it likewise 

 with good results for locomobiles, the grates of which, however, suffer greatly from 

 the sulphur compounds and, besides, the fuel consumption is increased. The destruc- 

 tive influence in the grates would scarcely matter, as the yearly campaign lasts but 



Indian corn: 1329 from 10000 donums = 70400 killehs (of 18 okas), price per killeh = 12 piasters 

 1330 „ 11000 n = 81200 „ „ „ „ = 15 



i. e. on an average per donum 6.8 killehs at 13.5 piasters = 91.8 piasters. 



5400 okas of seeds .... price per oka == 1.5 piaster 



poppies: . . 1329 from 180 donums = I 



+ 360 „ „ opium .... „ „ „ = 220 piasters 

 i 4500 „ „ seeds .... „ „ „ = 1.5 piaster 



-f- 260 „ „ opium .... „ „ „ = 160 piasters 

 i.e. on an average per donum 30 okas of seeds at 1.5 piaster = 45 piasters 

 + 1.865 oka of opium „ 190 piasters = 354 



together = 399 piasters 

 sesam: . . . 1329 from 4000 donums = 270000 okas at 2 piasters 

 1330 „ 11000 „ =310000 „ „ 2 

 i. e. on an average per donum 38.6 okas at 2 piasters = 77.2 piasters. 

 According to the "Agricultural Statistics for the year 1329", published by the General Governing Board 

 for Statistics of the Ministry of Commerce and Agriculture, the average crops in Turkey in 1329 were as 

 follows per donum: — 



wheat .... 4.4 killehs at 21.15 piasters = 93.6 piasters, 

 barley. ... 6.0 „ „ 12.42 „ =74.5 

 Indian corn . . 5.3 „ „ 13.80 „ = 73.1 „ , 



sesam. . . .36.7 „ ., 2.17 „ =79.6 



