68 Report of Schimmel § Co. April/ October 1917. 



The incision-method of obtaining resin and turpentine from Scotch pines demands 

 in its modern form difficult drilling work with 5 cm. drills and in point of fact it is 

 not sufficient to bore one hole for each outlet, as the experience gained in the 

 Government-General of Poland in 1916 proved. The small and only a few cm. deep 

 bore-holes for the bottle-turpentine-collection with the help of a 3.4 cm. drill demand 

 less individual work, even if one adds to them Kubelkas' side channels with a 12 or 

 15 mm. drill, whereby it is quite useless to go any deeper. 



Wislicenus discusses besides the pros and cons of both methods of producing 

 turpentine and finally publishes a memorandum card as a guide for obtaining turpen- 

 tine from Scotch pines with guarded incisions on which the various manipulations are 

 illustrated with the aid of photographic reproductions of the tools employed 1 ). 



Some of the opposition that Wislicenus' method met with reminds of the difficulties 

 the introduction of the "cup-and-gutter" method encountered and about which H. Herty 2 ) 

 reports. Owing to the references made by the well-known technologist O. N. Witt on 

 the great damage the Naval Stores industry was suffering from the turpentine production 

 methods generally employed, Herty approached this subject first of all by correspondence 

 and then paid a visit to a turpentine farm in Southern Georgia, where he found that 

 the matter was much more serious than was generally known in the U. S. The result 

 of his investigations was the working out of the "cup-and-gutter" system 3 ). The 

 U. S. Bureau of Forestry supported him vigorously and decided to enable Herty to 

 make experiments on a big scale. These were conducted early in 1902 on a turpen- 

 tine farm in South-eastern Georgia belonging to the firm of Powell, Bullard § Co. The 

 latter put the best trees at his disposal, whereas the Bureau of Forestry offered the 

 necessary implements and apparatus. The trial enterprise was executed just in the 

 same manner as the regular routine prescribed. The experiments only applied to the 

 "box"-question and to the possibility of substituting the boxes by cups, whereas the 

 other methods of production were to be retained. Four series of tests were made 

 simultaneously for the sake of comparison, and in point of fact one series on virgin 

 pine stock, the other three according to the ordinary process on tracts of forest which 

 were worked for periods varying from one to three years. By this means comparative 

 data were available as to the influence of the "box" and "cup-and-gutter" system 

 respectively on the trees and on the production of turpentine and profit of the owner 

 of the forest respectively. 



So far matters went smoothly, but then difficulties cropped up, especially in 

 reference to the workmen. The niggers who worked in the turpentine woods came 

 forward with strangely conservative demands, declaring that what they termed derisively 

 "the flower-pot" system was more an occupation for women and children, but quite 

 beneath the dignity of full-grown men! Finally they were persuaded to give the new 

 system a trial and they gradually got used to it and learnt to appreciate its advantages. 

 The principle interest centred in the experiments with virgin Scotch pines with which ' 

 both methods could be applied under quite equal conditions. Contrary to expectations 

 the first yield of the cups (in April) showed a reduction, but the second yield in May 

 and all the following ones proved beyond dispute how advantageous the new system 

 was in comparison to the old one. 



x ) Comp. the same author's paper, On the production of German Turpentine by means of closed tree-lesions, 

 in Naturwiss. Zeitschr. f. Forst- u. Landwirtschaft. — 2 ) Journ. of the Franklin Institute 1916;- "Der Morser", 

 Organ des Schweizerischen Drogisten-Vereins 16 (1916), 553, 565, 577, 605. — 3 ) See Gildemeister and Hoff- 

 mann, The Volatile Oils, 2 nd ed., vol. II, p. 60. 



