machines for this purpose, and the cartons packed into cardboard shipping cas- 
es to be shipped to wholesalers for sale in this country, or overseas for the 
export trade. The normal shipping container holds 60 cartons (200 cigarettes 
£0 a carton), or 12,000 cigarettes. 
Regular size cigarettes are 70 millimeters (mm.) and king-size, 85 mm. in 
length (i inch equals 25.4 mm.). Most of the filter-tip brands are king-size, 
or 85 mm. long. Generally speaking, the filter plug is 15 mm. in length; the 
remaining 70 mm. making up the cigarette proper. Cigarettes are about 25 m. 
in circumference. 
Cigarette paper used in manufacturing cigarettes was formerly almost en- 
tirely imported. At the present time, however, most of the paper is manufac- 
tured in this country from flax grown and harvested in the United States. Le 
is made from flax straw fiber, which is repeatedly bleached and refined during 
the manufacturing process. It must be very thin, and at the same time durable 
enough to prevent tearing or breaking in the manufacturing process; it must 
burn slowly and evenly at the same rate as the tobacco; it must contain tiny 
air passages, or pores, to control the amount of dilution of the smoke by air 
(and consequent flavor and nicotine content per puff); and it must be com 
pletely tasteless. The paper is first rolled in wide sheets on large bobbins, 
each of which contains enough to make 85,000 regular or 70,000 king-size ciga 
rettes, and later it is slit into widths proper for the circumference of the 
cigarette. 
Cigarette factories are constantly carrying on laboratory programs with 
a view toward maintaining and/or improving the quality of the product. 
The cigarette industry currently employs about 32 thousand production 
workers. Additional thousands are employed in management, accounting, sales, 
etc. Around 507 billion cigarettes were manufactured in 1960, mostly for do 
mestic consumption. However, about 20 billion were exported to over 100 for- 
eign countries throughout the world and another 17 billion went to the Armed 
Forces overseas, to ship stores, as shipments to Puerto Rico, etc. Consumers 
spent about 6.6 billion dollars for the 470 billion cigarettes consumed in the 
United States in 1960. Per capita consumption (15 years and over) is now up 
to 195 packs annually. This represents an increase of nearly 115 percent 
since 1940. The Government now receives about 1.9 billion dollars annually 
from the Federal eight-cents-per-pack tax rate, and about one billion dollars 
is collected yearly among 47 States, the District of Columbia, and local gov- 
ermments, with tax rates averaging nearly 5 cents per pack. 
THE CIGAR INDUSTRY 
The cigar industry in this country began in homes. on tobacco- growing 
farms. 1/ Shops employing skilled cigarmakers began to appear after 1800, and 
larger factories gradually evolved from these. The making of cigars on farms 
eventually disappeared, but the practice of making them by hand in the small 
shops persisted as an important phase of the industry throughout most of the 
19th century. 
1/ The first cigars’ known here were imported from the Spanish West Im 
dies and were called "segars." 
=. 49) — 
