16 MISC. PUB. 190, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 
24,- to 2%-inch fruit the contrast is so great that 
the 2%4-inch apples appear smaller than they really 
are, with consequent complaints. Similar objections 
frequently are made to containers which are faced 
with 214-inch apples but which contain many 38-inch 
or larger apples in the middle of the barrel. 
Most European markets prefer to have the range of 
sizes marked upon barrels and baskets. Certain out- 
lets desire medium or smail sizes, whereas certain 
others prefer large sizes for cooking purposes. 
It is suggested that the barrels and baskets should 
be marked with both the minimum and maximum 
sizes, especially when they are intended for export. 
Such marking of barrels as “2% to 234 inches” or 
other range of size which properly describes the fruit 
is far more definite than the statement of minimum 
Size only. 
BRUISING 
Apples are often unnecessarily bruised by careless 
picking or by improper packing methods. Such bruises 
are not always evident at the time of packing, but 
they may become very pronounced severai days later, 
and when the barreis are opened for display the ap- 
ples may present an unattractive appearance. 
Adequate racking of the barrels on a Solid, founda- 
tion during the period of filling is very important in 
preventing slack barrels. Many packers attempt to 
make tight packs through heavy pressing instead of 
through frequent vigorous racking prior to pressing. 
Apples which are bruised by pressing tend to become 
soft, or to decay in storage or in transit, so that over- 
pressing often causes more Slack barrels at destina- 
tion than would occur if proper racking and pressing 
were practiced. 
UNITED STATES STANDARDS FOR CANNERY 
APPLES 1 
(Effective July 23, 1930) 
GRADES 
U.S. No. 1 shall consist of apples of one variety 
which are not overripe; which are free from decay, 
worm holes, freezing injury, internal breakdown, and 
1 These standards supersede United States Standards for 
Cannery Apples for Sauce Purposes and United States Stand- 
ards for Cannery Apples for Slicing Purposes, issued May 8, 
