Introduction 
Ss 
777 
The Nature of the Survey 
AND and timber in northern Michigan were 
| iy inventoried by the Lake States Forest Ex- 
periment Station! in 1935-36. Lines were 
run east and west, 10 miles apart, on which 0.2- 
acre sample plots were measured at 10-chain 
intervals. This mechanical sample of about 13,000 
plots gave very accurate results for a 5-million- 
acre unit but could not portray correctly the forest 
situation in single counties or smaller subdivisions. 
It supplied the general framework upon which to 
base intensive studies of critical situations. 
Growth forecasts were based upon yield tables, 
with allowance for the approach of understocked 
stands toward full stocking. Special yield tables 
were prepared to conform to Forest Survey volume 
tables and standards of merchantability. Estimates 
of growth in selectively logged hardwood forests 
were based upon sample-plot records at the Upper 
Peninsula Experimental Forest maintained by the 
Lake States Forest Experiment Station at Dukes, 
Mich. 
As a basis for drain estimates and to provide 
figures for an analysis of the industrial situation, a 
complete canvass of wood-using industries was 
made in 1935. The larger units were contacted 
again in 1937 and 1938. Domestic use was sur- 
veyed on sample farms and in a number of villages 
and cities. Wood consumption in mines, rail- 
roads, docks, etc., was obtained in special studies. 
Fire losses were based upon a 10-year record of the 
State Conservation Department. An annual drain 
of 0.25 percent was allowed for other losses. 
The raw-wood requirements of most industries 
were obtained in conjunction with the drain sur- 
1 Maintained by the Forest Service at University Farm, 
St. Paul, Minn., in cooperation with the University of 
Minnesota. 
vey. Since the Upper Peninsula is an exporting 
rather than a lumber-consuming region, no con- 
sideration was given to the consumption of lumber 
and other finished products in the area itself. 
The most important economic factor which must 
be considered in analyzing the Upper Peninsula 
situation is ownership of land and timber. The 
estimates for large private owners were obtained 
from company records. National-forest estimates 
were based upon intensive land-acquisition sur- 
veys. The estimates for State land and small 
private owners were based upon the samples ob- 
tained on the 10-mile lines. Since ownership is 
changing quite rapidly, these estimates are not 
exact for the present time; but they are believed 
to be sufficiently accurate to picture the general 
situation. 
The field inventory in Michigan was under the 
direction of E. L. Lawson. C. H. Stoddard, Jr., 
and C. J. Holcomb collected most of the data on 
forest industries and depletion. S. R. Gevorkiantz 
and Wm. A. Duerr supervised the growth calcula- 
tions. Gevorkiantz and E. I. Roe assisted in the 
preparation of the type map. J. M. Walley, S. D. 
Anderson, and C. B. Stott of the Regional Office of 
the Forest Service, Milwaukee, contributed valuable 
data on condition of individual operating com- 
panies.2, This report bears on all phases of the 
work except that of requirements, which will be 
treated in separate reports. 
The Findings in Brief 
In view of the multiplicity of data presented in 
the following pages, a brief summary of the salient 
2 Assistance in the preparation of this material was 
furnished by the personnel of Work Projects Administra- 
tion, Official Project 665-71-3-69—sponsor, University 
of Minnesota; and O. P. 01-2-71-126—sponsor, Lake 
States Forest Experiment Station. 
