facts may be helpful at this point. The figures 
given are in most cases approximations; for more 
detailed figures and major break-downs of these 
statistics, see the tabulations in the following text 
and in the Appendix, page 27. 
Forest industries and associated woods ac- 
tivities: 
Number of industries. ..... 
280 
32, 000 
$120,000, 000 
Part-time employment (men)........ 
Imvestedicapitaly mein riaeaiercic scien: 
Forests areas: 
The Upper Peninsula has more saw-timber area than any 
other unit of comparable size in the Lake States. 
Acres 
Sawrtimberpceae moti oihcataueaee tects soleus 2, 412, 000 
@ordwoodme se soy sy shecucletnoe sels e celcasene 1, 727, 000 
Restocking eer ycy.tac aici tretaiets eeu souerevene 3, 993, 000 
Deforestede-wawan i so.cmavneatei aides 1, 204, 000 
Total (nearly 90 percent of land area) 9, 336, 000 
Timber volume: 
Saw timber—40 percent of the Lake 
States total (M board feet)......... 23, 000, 000 
High-grade pulpwood (cords)........ 11, 000, 000 
Chemical wood (cords)............ 27, 000, 000 
White-cedar poles (pieces). .......... 21, 000, 000 
Annual increment (growth minus normal 
mortality): 
Saw timber (board feet)............. 344, 000, 0600 
Alliwooda(cubicifeet)ere eye sents 161, 000, 000 
Timber cut and destroyed annually: 
Saw timber (board feet)............. 758, 000, 000 
Alli wood) (cubic feet). =) 5.-.4.4...-- 247, 000, 000 
At this rate, the remaining merchantable timber will dis- 
appear in 25 to 30 years. 
Allowable drain with good management: Board feet 
Ibssvonoleialy. nis Goon dauckeodoesuaer 589, 000, 000 
Eventuallycy fone icra tater cive aegis 1, 000, 000, 000 
Ownership: 
Public agencies own one-fourth of the land but only 6 
percent of the saw timber. The most critical problems are 
on private lands. 
Explanation of Terms Used 
The following definitions of technical and unusual 
terms used in this report are given to facilitate a 
thorough understanding of the forest situation 
here discussed. 
AREAS 
Forest Land.—All wooded areas and the intermingled 
open areas obviously suitable for timber production and not 
devoted to other uses. Marshes, bogs, rock outcrops, 
beaches, small lakes, etc., were not included. Woodlands 
VI 
within city parks or inside platted districts were also 
omitted. 
Old-growth Saw-timber Areas:—Lands with at least 2,000 
board feet of merchantable saw timber per acre, mostly 
in trees 15 inches d. b. h.3 
Second-growth Saw-timber Areas.—Lands with at least 2,000 
board feet of merchantable saw timber per acre, mostly in 
trees 10, 12, and 14 inches d. b. h. 
Cordwood Areas.—Lands with at least 3 cords of small 
merchantable wood per acre, mostly in trees 6 and 8 
inches d. b. h. 
Restocking Areas.—Lands with at least 10 percent of the 
surface area occupied by trees of commercial species, mainly 
seedlings and saplings up to cordwood size (5 inches d. b. 
h.). Restocking areas of medium to good density are those 
with 40 percent or more of the surface occupied. Those of 
poor density are the ones with 10 to 40 percent of the surface 
occupied. 
Deforested Areas.—Previously timbered lands which now 
have less than 2,000 board feet of saw timber or 3 cords of 
cordwood, or not enough reproduction to be considered 
10 percent stocked. Many lightly-wooded pastures, where 
most of the large trees are unmerchantable and the repro- 
duction is killed back by livestock, come within this classi- 
fication. 
COVER TYPES # 
Jack Pine.—Associations in which jack pine predominates, 
or, in other words, attains 50 percent or more of the sawlog 
volume in old-growth or second-growth saw timber, 50 
percent or more of the cordwood volume in cordwood stands, 
or 50 percent or more of the small trees on restocking areas. 
Red Pine.—Associations in which red pine similarly 
predominates. 
White Pine.—Associations in which eastern white pine 
predominates. 
Northern Hardwoods.—A mixed type in which the principal 
species are sugar maple, eastern hemlock, American beech, 
yellow birch, and American basswood. Associated species 
are eastern white pine, oaks, balsam fir, eastern hophorn- 
beam, elms, and white-cedar. The composition varies from 
a mixture of all species to an almost pure stand of any one 
of the key species. 
Aspen-Birch— Quaking aspen and paper birch, either 
singly or together, make up 50 percent or more of the stand. 
Ash-Elm.—This type occurs in shallow swamps, on over- 
flow lands, or on ‘‘second bottoms,’’ the characteristic 
species being black ash, American elm, and soft maples. 
Spruce-Fir.—This type is characteristically a mixture of 
white spruce, balsam fir, eastern white-cedar, eastern hem- 
lock, paper birch, quaking aspen, and black ash. It occurs 
on cool, moist uplands, or along swamp borders. 
Spruce Swamp.—Closely confined to acid peat bogs with 
poor drainage and thus distinguished from the spruce-fir 
type, which grows on upland soils. Black spruce may occur 
3D. b. h.=diameter at breast height, or 4.5 feet. 
4 Accepted common and botanical names of all cover 
species mentioned in this publication are given on p. 
vill. 
