and other rough forest products. This increased 
demand tends to raise stumpage values and stimu- 
late the rate of cutting. 
Furthermore, decreased use of wood in automo- 
bile manufacture and changes in mine require- 
ments are removing the incentives that impelled 
many of the large holding companies in these fields 
to maintain extensive timber reserves in the Upper 
Peninsula. 
Finally, property taxes and other carrying charges 
have constituted a burden upon landowners, 
which has urged liquidation of investments on idle 
stumpage. 
Data collected by the Forest Survey indicate 
early exhaustion of the mature and merchantable 
stands of timber if the present rate and method of 
cutting are not changed. In fact, certain sectors, 
notably around Menominee, Escanaba, and Sault 
Ste. Marie, are largely cut out already and a 
number of mills have been shut down. Other 
areas are rapidly approaching the same condition. 
An equally important disclosure of the Forest 
Survey is the number, diversity, and importance of 
forest industries in the Upper Peninsula. No less 
than 280 primary forest industries were operating 
in the Peninsula in 1934, including 221 sawmills, 
3 veneer mills, 4 wooden-container mills, 5 pulp 
and paper mills, 5 hardwood-distillation plants, 17 
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A Pulp mill N 
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B Miscellaneous wooden-products industry 7 
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D Hardwood-distillation pliant ba 
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shingle mills, 22 lath mills, and 3 miscellaneous 
wooden-product industries (figs. 1, 2, 3, and 4). 
Table 2 gives statistics on forest-industry produc- 
tion and employment. Normal annual industrial 
employment, including the associated woods work, 
is estimated at 2% million man-days, or about 200 
days’ work each for 13,000 men. 
Table 2 shows the production and employment 
for shorter periods in miscellaneous woods work not 
associated with local industries—such as the cutting 
of ties, white-cedar products, fuel wood, and mine 
tumbers—to amount annually to nearly 2 million 
man-days, or 100 days’ work for 19,000 men. Thus 
a total of about 32,000 men find employment for 
periods of 100 or 200 days per year in forest in- 
dustries and woods work. In addition, an un- 
determined number of people obtain some income 
by cutting Christmas trees and greens, and by 
gathering blueberries, sphagnum moss, cones, and 
other forest by-products. 
Accurate statistics are lacking, but it is estimated 
that some $20,000,000 of private capital is invested 
in sawmills and other primary wood-using industrial 
plants (not including paper mills and other sec- 
ondary wood-using industries) in the Upper 
Peninsula, and $100,000,000 in timber and timber- 
land, or $120,000,000 in all. 
Farming and forestry work are closely associated 
USFSWO -1960 
Figure 4.—Pulp mills and other primary wood-using industries in the Upper Peninsula 
a 
5 
