foresee. Unquestionably, the pulp industry in the 
Pacific Northwest will continue to demand high- 
grade raw material. Logs yield cleaner pulp than 
mill waste or forest cordwood and they can be 
handled at less cost per ton of chips produced. 
Apparently there is a trend toward use of chipping 
machines that take larger cants, which further 
reduces handling charges. In general, cordwood 
is not likely to supplant logs except where it is 
available at much lower prices—for example, 
where it is produced by farmers who are willing to 
work for wages lower than those paid in the logging 
industry. However, some of the existing mills are 
organized to use cordwood, and undoubtedly 
large quantities of cordwood will be used for pulp 
As before 
stated, the competition of lumber, veneer, and 
other wood-using industries for hemlock and bal- 
manufacture for some time to come. 
sam fir logs may result in higher log prices to the 
pulp mills when stands in which Douglas-fir pre- 
dominates become scarce, but this is still likely to 
be offset by the advantages of using logs. As the 
lumber industry recovers, more waste will become 
available, and if independent operators can con- 
vert this to chips and sell it at the right price the 
pulp industry will use it. 
Undoubtedly the pulp industry in the Douglas-fir 
region, as in other parts of the country, will produce 
various grades of pulp, and consequently will 
require various grades of raw material. 
It is popularly thought that any large sawmill 
company could be merged with a pulp company 
and the latter would take all the waste from the 
mill and utilize all the small logs, leaving only the 
high-grade logs for the sawmill. As a matter of 
fact the pulp manufacturers, particularly the pro- 
ducers of high-grade pulp, are likewise looking 
for better grade logs. There is opportunity for 
integration of the two industries, however. Until 
more hemlock is manufactured into lumber, the 
pulp mills will utilize the hemlock and balsam fir 
timber occurring in stands logged for Douglas_ 
fir, spruce, and “‘cedar”’ to be used in the sawmills, 
There is very little tendency to date to use small 
trees for pulpwood, either as small logs or as forest 
cordwood. Ordinarily only No. 1 and No. 2 
hemlock logs are taken from the woods, and in 
cordwood operations trees less than 14 to 16 inches 
d. b. h. are not taken. Thus far, attempts to 
110 
prelog saw-timber stands for the small understory 
hemlock and to salvage the waste hemlock and 
balsam firs left on the ground after logging have 
been unsuccessful. The rapid changes now taking 
place in logging methods and costs may, however, 
make production of smail hemlock logs profitable. 
Also, if the price of hemlock logs rises a greater 
effort will be made to utilize the waste now left in 
the woods; but such an increase in price will 
have to be considerable to result in any appreciable 
utilization of small understory trees or of logging 
waste. 
In the Puget Sound district pulp manufacture 
will increase in importance among the forest indus- 
tries. The supply of pulpwood available in the 
Puget Sound district is sufficient to maintain the 
present pulp mills in this district until 1963 and 
probably much longer. However, in the future 
(particularly after the first decade) more and more 
of the logs used for pulpwood will be produced in 
logging operations intended chiefly to produce 
pulpwood, rather than as a byproduct of logging for 
sawlogs. According to present indications, logging 
will have exhausted most of the stands of the 
Douglas-fir types by the end of the second decade. 
In logging stands in which Douglas-fir is a minor 
species or is lacking, it appears probable that 
production of sawlogs will usually be incidental 
to production of pulpwood. 
Since 1919 the price of camp-run hemlock in the 
Puget Sound log markets has with few exceptions 
been even lower than that of No. 3 Douglas-fir 
logs. In general, camp-run hemlock logs have 
been sold on Puget Sound for $1 to $2 less per 
1,000 feet than the actual total cost of production. 
In 1934 Douglas-fir log prices per 1,000 feet 
ranged from $19 for No. 1 logs to $10 for No. 3 
logs, and camp-run hemlock sold for about $9, 
although the total cost of delivering those logs to 
pulp mills, including not only direct cost of logging 
but overhead, depreciation, etc., was about $10.50 
per 1,000 feet. As a result of this and of the utili- 
zation of sawmill waste, the price per cord of pulp- 
wood delivered at Pacific coast mills has been less 
than the average for any other forest region of the 
United States except the South and has been about 
$2 less than the national average. In the past 
little or no stumpage charge has been made for 
hemlock, and camp-run hemlock logs (usually only 
