THE MOSQUITOES OF THE SOUTHEASTERN STATES 5 
Among other references on bionomics and control special mention 
should be made of Boyd’s (20) work on malariology. Approxi- 
mately half of this volume has to do with the natural history of 
anophelines and their relation to the transmission of malaria. Har- 
denburg (68) and Herms and Gray (77) deal with practical phases 
of mosquito eradication, and Le Prince and Orenstein (7/2) with 
mosquito control in Panama. Covell (43) has published a comprehen- 
sive review of the literature on the control of Anopheles, which in- 
cludes 570 references. Two series of short papers on the engineering 
aspect of mosquito control have been issued, one by the National 
Malaria Committee * and another by the Engineering News-Record 
(54). The United States Department of Agriculture has published a 
bulletin (84) on mosquito remedies and preventives. 
The serial publications that contain numerous original articles on 
mosquitoes include Proceedings of the National Malaria Committee, 
formerly published annually in the Southern Medical Journal and 
reprinted as symposia, Proceedings of the New Jersey Mosquito Ex- 
termination Association, the Public Health Service reports, the Public 
Health Service bulletins (which formerly included the transactions 
of conferences of malaria field workers (743), Proceedings of the 
Florida Anti-Mosquito Association (mimeographed), and Insecutor 
Inscitiae Menstruus (discontinued in 1926). Articles on mosquitoes 
appear also in the American Journal of Tropical Medicine and in 
various other medical and entomological journals. The Review of 
Applied Entomology, Series B: Medical and Veterinary, is almost 
indispensable to workers who wish to keep informed on the current 
mosquito literature of the world. 
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS AND HABITS OF 
MOSQUITOES 
Mosquitoes are small two-winged flies belonging to the order Dip- 
tera, family Culicidae. In the subfamily Culicinae, which comprises 
the true mosquitoes, the wings, legs, and other parts of the body are 
more or less covered with scales, and the mouth parts are produced 
into an elongate proboscis, which is employed for piercing and blood- 
sucking by the females of most species. The males do not suck blood. 
The males can usually be distinguished from the females by their 
bushy antennae and by differences in the length or shape of the palpi 
(fig. 1). The size of different species of mosquitoes varies consid- 
erably (fig. 2). 
There are four stages in the life cycle of a mosquito—the egg; the 
larva, often called wiggler or wiggletail; the pupa or tumbler; and 
the adult winged insect or imago. The eggs are matured in batches of 
50 or less to 200 or more, and several such batches may be laid by one 
female. Among the bloodsucking species a blood meal is usually nec- 
essary for the production of eggs. When ovipositing, some species 
glue the eggs together into a raft or boat-shaped mass (fig. 3, 4) 
which floats on the water, other species deposit the eggs singly on the 
water, and still others oviposit on the soil at the edge of the water or 
in moist depressions. The eggs of Anopheles (fig. 3, C) have lateral 
2 NATIONAL MALARIA COMMITTEE, SUBCOMMITTEE ON ENGINEERING. MALARIA CONTROL FOR 
ENGINEERS, U.S. Pub. Health Serv. B—1210, 81 pp., illus. 1936. [Processed.] 
