4 MISC. PUBLICATION 350, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 
ing, water stabilization, or other activities necessary to accomplish 
the purpose. 
(3) Research directed to the practical solution of problems in wild- 
life restoration. These problems involve unknown factors in manage- 
ment, in feeding habits, and in the relationships of the various species 
to each other and to livestock production and farming operations, 
and are concerned with the innumerable things that enter into a 
wildlife-management program. While almost any form of research 
into biological problems might have a general bearing upon man- 
agement practices, the studies undertaken in accordance with this 
law must be limited strictly to those having practical application. 
The development of public shooting grounds or controlled hunting 
as a means of harvesting game crops must be a secondary consider- 
ation—only incidental to the main purposes of any project.. The ob- 
vious intent of the act is to use the equivalent of the tax on arms and 
ammunition collected from sportsmen to provide better sport for 
hunters, but this must be through harvesting the surplus and not 
merely providing a place where existing stocks of game can be further 
depleted. 
MAINTENANCE OF PROJECTS 
Maintenance of projects is specified by the act to be the duty of the 
States according to their respective laws. It is construed to include 
all routine upkeep, repair, and general expenses incurred in and about 
projects. Project areas may be improved over a period of years 
if so outHned in the approved plans, specifications, and estimates; 
but after these improvements have been completed, subsequent ex- 
penditures will be considered as maintenance and will not be charge- 
able to Federal apportionments. 
OWNERSHIP AND ADMINISTRATION OF RESTORED UNITS 
All areas acquired become the property of the respective States 
and are maintained and administered by them under State laws. All 
structures built and all equipment purchased with these cooperative 
funds incident to the necessary performance of approved work like- 
wise become State property. 
PROJECTS NOT CONTEMPLATED BY THE ACT 
IMPROVEMENTS ON PRIVATE LANDS 
Because of the uncertainty of tenure, no permanent improvements 
are authorized for privately owned lands. ‘Temporary structures, 
fences, trees, shrubs, as well as live birds and other animals may be 
placed on lands under lease or otherwise controlled by the State game 
department, when control is for periods sufficient to insure that the 
improvements will be of material benefit to wildlife. 
NURSERIES AND GAME FARMS 
The establishment of nurseries and game farms as wildlife-restora- 
tion projects cannot be approved from Federal apportionments, since 
the purpose of the act is plainly to develop and improve specific units, 
whereas the output from such establishments may be used over wide 
areas not directly controlled or managed by the State for the benefit 
