but only 16 percent had been 

 trained at the doctoral level 

 (Kaufert and Cummings 1955). 



In the South. Duke's School of 

 Forestry was the first to respond to 

 this need. The School granted its 

 first Ph.D. in 1938. North Carolina 

 State followed in the 1950's. The 

 remaining nine programs in the 

 South came into being after 

 passage of the Mclntire-Stennis 

 Act. 



At Duke an early outstanding 

 example of combining research 

 with graduate training was the 

 work of Ted Coile. Francis X. 

 Schumacher, et al. They and their 

 associates developed an informal 

 master plan of studies to establish 

 relationships between the growth 

 and yield of southern pines and 

 soil characteristics that could be 

 measured in the field. From 1947 

 through 1957. these Duke scientists 

 filled gaps in their own research 

 data with thesis research of 27 

 master's and 6 doctoral students to 

 model these relationships for the 

 four major southern yellow pines 

 plus pond pine. As a result, 

 analyses for land appraisal, land 

 and reforestation investments, and 

 harvesting schedules became far 

 more practical and precise (Jayne, 

 personal communication). 



Action began to pick up elsewhere 

 in the 1950's as well. Over at 

 College Station, Bruce Zobel 

 initiated cooperative research in 

 forest tree improvement between 

 the Texas Forest Service and 



forest-industry companies. In 1954, 

 one of Zobel's Ph.D. graduates. 

 Ray Goddard, joined the faculty of 

 the University of Florida's School 

 of Forestry, where he established 

 the Cooperative Forest Genetics 

 Research Program with 10 

 companies initially as joint partners 

 and participants. (Today there are 

 14 companies plus the Florida 

 Division of Forestry.) (Goddard, 

 personal communication). 



The Florida Cooperative was the 

 first to involve private companies 

 as active joint participants. It 

 focused on slash and longleaf 

 pines. Two years after it was 

 established, Zobel moved to North 

 Carolina State to establish the 

 largest such cooperative in the 

 South — the North Carolina State- 

 Industry Cooperative Tree 

 Improvement Program, with 

 emphasis on loblolly pine. Today 

 there are cooperators from 25 

 forest-products companies and 4 

 State forestry organizations 

 scattered over 13 States (Weir, 

 personal communication). 



Goddard and Zobel were pioneers 

 in developing this research, 

 development, and application 

 cooperative model. It has proved 

 to be a highly efficient mechanism 

 in terms of research cost to the 

 client, sharing of knowledge and 

 materials, and almost 

 instantaneous technology transfer 

 from researcher to user. Such 

 collaboration had already proven 

 cost effective for research; it is 

 now proving cost effective for the 



32 



