MOTIONS OF INSECTS. eM 
shank (¢7b2a); foot (tarsus), of perfect insects, the legs 
of which they include. Cuvier, speaking of Coleoptera 
and some Neuroptera, mentions only three joints. But 
many in these orders (amongst which he included the 
Trichoptera) have the joints I have enumerated. To 
name no more, the Scarabeide, Dytisci, Silphe, Staphy- 
lini, Cicindele, and Gyrini, amongst coleopterous larve; 
and the Phryganea, as well as the Libellulide and Ephe- 
meré, amongst Cuvier’s Neuroptera,—have these joints, 
and in many the last terminates in a double claw?. In 
some coleopterous genera the tarsus seems absent or ob- 
solete. The larva of the lady-bird (Coccinella) affords 
an example of the former kind, and that of Chrysomela 
of the latter®. These joints are very visible in the legs 
of caterpillars of Lepzdoptera, and their tarsus is armed 
with a single claw®. The larvee that have these legs 
walk with them sometimes very swiftly. In stepping 
they set forward at the same time the anterior and pos- 
terior legs of one side, and the intermediate one of the 
other ; and so alternately on each side. 
Pedate larvee are of two descriptions: those that to 
perfect legs add spurious ones with or without claws, and 
those that have only perfect legs. I begin with the 
former—those that have both kinds of legs. But first 
I must make a few remarks upon spurious legs. Because 
their muscles, instead of the horny substance that pro- 
tects them in perfect legs, are covered only by a soft mem- 
brane, they have been usually denominated membrana- 
_ @ For examples of larvae having these joints, see De Geer, iv. 289. 
2 xii. 7. 20,6. xv. f. 14. i. ¢. xu. f. 3. t. xvi. f: 5, G. t. xix. f. 4 ke. 
Pet bideayaiexi jes Ess fold, Oc 
© Lyonet, Tratté Anatom. t. il. f. 8. 
